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直接引語和間接引語 (Direct and Indirect Speech)
簡述
直接引語是直接引述別人的原話,原話用有引號,而間接引語是引述別人的話,不用引號。間接引語在多數情況下構成賓語從句。直

接引語改為間接引語時,引述動詞是現在時,則間接引語中的動詞、時間、時態的形式不變。


例如:
She says, “ I’ll never forget the moment.”變成間接引語為She says that she’ll never forget the moment.

但是如引述動詞為過去時,間接引語中的動詞、時間、時態、地點、人稱等一般要作相應的變化。
 
1. 直接引語與間接引語變化的一般規律

 

  在直接引語中 在間接引語中
指示代詞 this
these
that
those
時間狀語
now
today
yesterday
last week
tomorrow
next year
Two days ago
then
that day
the day before
the week before
the next day
the next year
two days before
地點狀語 here there
動詞時態 一般現在時
現左進行時
現在完成時
一般過去時
過去完成時
一般將來時
一般過去時
過去進行時
過去完成時
過去完成時
(不變)
過去將來時
動詞變化 can/may
must
come
bring
could/might
had to
go
take

 

間接引語中時間與地點轉換參考:

例如:
"I will see you here tomorrow", she said.

She said that she would see me there the next day.

最常用的顯示如下:

that day

"I saw him today", she said.

 

She said that she had seen him that day.

Yesterday
the day before

"I saw him yesterday", she said.

 

She said that she had seen him the day before.

The day before yesterday
two days before

"I met her the day before yesterday", he said.

 

He said that he had met her two days before.

Tomorrow
the next/following day

"I'll see you tomorrow", he said

 

He said that he would see me the next day.

The day after tomorrow
in two days time/ two days later

"We'll come the day after tomorrow", they said.

 

They said that they would come in two days time/ two days later.

Next week/month/year
the following week/month/year

"I have an appointment next week", she said.

 

She said that she had an appointment the following week.

Last week/month/year
the previous/week/month/year

"I was on holiday last week", he told us.

 

He told us that he had been on holiday the previous week.

ago
before

"I saw her a week ago," he said.

 

He said he had seen her a week before.

this (for time)
that

"I'm getting a new car this week", she said.

 

She said she was getting a new car that week.

this/that (形容詞)
the

"Do you like this shirt?" he asked

 

He asked if I liked the shirt.

here
there

He said, "I live here".

 

He told me he lived there.

其他變化:

通常來說, 第一人稱代詞轉為第三人稱單數或復數(除非講話者在引用自己的話):

I/me/my/mine, you/your/yours

him/his/her/hers

we/us/our/ours, you/your/yours
they/their/theirs:

He said: "I like your new car."
He told her that he liked her new car.

I said: "I'm going to my friend's house."

I said that I was going to my friend's house.

通常來說,轉換成間接引語時,要在直接引語時間的基礎上提前一個時態:

She said, "I am tired."

She said that she was tired.

變化如下:

一般現在時 
一般過去時 

"I always drink coffee", she said

 

She said that she always drank coffee.

現在進行時 
過去進行時 

"I am reading a book", he explained.

 

He explained that he was reading a book

一般過去時 
過去完成時 

"Bill arrived on Saturday", he said.

 

He said that Bill had arrived on Saturday

現在完成時 
過去完成時 

"I have been to Spain", he told me.

 

He told me that he had been to Spain

過去完成時 
過去完成時 

"I had just turned out the light," he explained.

 

He explained that he had just turned out the light.

現在完成進行時 
過去完成進行時 

They complained, "We have been waiting for hours".

 

They complained that they had been waiting for hours.

過去進行時 
過去完成進行時 

"We were living in Paris", they told me.

 

They told me that they had been living in Paris.

一般將來時 
 過去將來時

"I will be in Geneva on Monday", he said

 

He said that he would be in Geneva on Monday.

將來進行時 
過去將來進行時 

She said, "I'll be using the car next Friday".

 

She said that she would be using the car next Friday.

2. 直接引語與間接引語變化中的三要素

要素一陳述句的間接引語——連接詞用that,在口語中可省略。引述動詞用said, told, 等。例如:

    1)  He said: “I’ve left my book in my room.”→

        He told me that he had left his book in his room.

    2)  She said: “He will be busy.”→

        She said that he would be busy.

要素二: 疑問句的間接引語。一般疑問句后連接詞用if或whether,而引述選擇疑問句時只能用whether,引述動詞用asked,沒有間接引語的可以加一個間接賓語me, him等(去掉問號)例如:

    1)She said to Tom, “Can you help me?”→ She asked Tom if /whether he could help her.
 
She asked, “Is this book yours or his?”→She asked me whether that book was mine or his.
    2)  特殊疑問句用原句中的疑問詞作連接詞,改為陳述語序(即S+V+...)。
 
例如: The teacher asked, “how did you repair it?” → The teacher asked me how I had repaired it.

要素三:祈使句的間接引語——采用“動詞+賓語+不定式”結構。

              told

              即    asked      sb. (not) to do sth.

             ordered

             warned

注意:引語中的呼語可改成賓語。引語中的please 去掉,動詞改為 ask

      1)  The teacher said to the students, “Don’t waste your time.” →The teacher told the students not to waste their time.

      2)  The mother said, “Tom, get up early, please.”→The mother asked Tom to get up early.

3. 直接引語與間接引語變化中需要注意的“五不變”

1. 直接引語如果是客觀真理,諺(習)語,變間接引語時時態不變例如:

      The teacher said, “The earth goes round the sun.”→ The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.

      My father said, “Practice makes perfect.”→My father said practice makes perfect.

2.  直接引語中被引述的部分是反復出現的,習慣性的動作或說話時情況仍然存在的,變間接引語時時態不變例如:

      The boy said to us, “ I usually get up at six every day.”→The boy told us he usually gets up at six every day.

       He said, “We are still students.’→He said they are still students.

3. 直接引語如果有明確的表示過去的時間狀語時態不變例如:

       He said to me, “I was born in 1978.”→He told me that he was born in 1978.

       The engineer said, “I was at college in 1967.”→ The engineer said he was at college in 1967.

4.直接引語中凡有When, since,while 引導的從句,在變為間接引語時,只改變主句時態,從句的時態不變例如:

  He said, “I have studied English since I was a boy.” →He said he had studied English since he was a boy.

       She said, “I read the book while I was waiting for a bus.→ She said she had read the book while she was waiting for a bus.

       Mr. Green said to them, “Joe told me all about his story when he asked for a job.”→Mr. Green told them Joe had told him all about his story when he asked for a job.

5.如果直接引語中引述部分含有insist, suggest, demand等引導的虛擬賓語從句,變間接引語時,引語中的主從句時態都不變。例如:

       He said, “We insisted that she start immediately.→ He said they (had) insisted that she start immediately.

       She said, “He demanded that the girl leave at once.”→She said he demanded that the girl leave at once.
 
另外如果說話人轉述自己的話,人稱不變. 例如:

       I said to him, “I have finished it.”→I told him I had finished it.

            如果就在當地轉述, here不必變為there,come不必改為go,如果就在當天轉述,則today, yesterday, tomorrow等狀語不變例如:

       She said to us, I’ll come here tomorrow.”→She told us she would come here tomorrow.
        如果在電話上轉述別人的話,則前后時態不變 例如:
       Daniel:Please tell Amy I have the information she wants.→Mrs Zhao(said to Amy):Daniel says he has the information you want.
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