時態無疑是初中英語最重要的語法內容,學好時態基本就拿下了語法的半壁江山。今天總結的八種時態是大家在初中階段必學必考的,中考復習時一定要加倍重視哦!
一般現在時
1. 概念:表示經常、反復發生的動作或行為及現在的某種狀況。
2. 基本結構:
(1)主語+ be動詞(is / am / are)+表語
(2)主語+ 行為動詞的原形或單數第三人稱形式+其他
否定形式:
(1)am / is /are + not;
(2)謂語動詞若為行為動詞,則在其前加don’t,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用doesn’t,同時行為動詞還原為原形。
3. 一般疑問句:
(1)把is / am / are動詞放于句首;
(2)用助動詞do提問,如主語為第三人稱單數,則用does,同時還原行為動詞。
4. 用法:
(1)表示經常性或習慣性的動作,常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用。
如:I leave home for school at 7 every morning.
(2)表示客觀真理,客觀存在或科學事實。
如:The earth moves around the sun.
(3)表示格言或警句。
如:Pride goes before a fall. 驕者必敗。
注意:此用法如果出現在賓語從句中,即使主句是過去時,從句謂語也要用一般現在時。
如:Columbus proved that the earth is round.
(4)表示現在時刻的狀態、能力、性格、個性等。
如:I don’t want so much.
Ann writes good English but does not speak well.
(5)一般現在時表示將來含義
① come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return的一般現在時可以表示將來,主要用來表示在時間上已確定或安排好的事情。
如:The train leaves at six tomorrow morning.
— When does the bus star?
— It stars in ten minutes.
② 在時間或條件狀語句中。
如:When Bill comes (不是will come), ask him to wait for me.
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there.
一般過去時
1. 概念:表示過去某個時間里發生的動作或狀態;過去習慣性、經常性的動作或行為。
2. 基本結構:
(1)主語+ was / were +表語
(2)主語+ 行為動詞的過去式 +其他
否定形式:
(1)was / were + not;
(2)在行為動詞前加didn’t,同時還原行為動詞。
一般疑問句:
(1)was或were放于句首;
(2)用助動詞do的過去式did 提問,同時還原行為動詞。
3. 用法:
(1)在確定的過去時間里所發生的動作或存在的狀態。
時間狀語有:yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等。
如:Where did you go just now?
(2)表示在過去一段時間內,經常性或習慣性的動作。
如:When I was a child, I often played football in the street.
注意:used to do sth“過去常常做某事”,表示過去習慣性的動作或狀態,但如今已不存在。
如:Mother used not to be so forgetful. 媽媽過去沒這么健忘。
現在進行時
1. 概念:表示現階段或說話時正在進行的動作及行為。
2. 時間狀語:now, at this time, these days等.
3. 基本結構:主語 + am / is /are + doing
否定形式:主語 + am / is / are + not + doing
一般疑問句:把be動詞放于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)表示現在(指說話人說話時)正在發生的事情。
如:We are waiting for you.
(2)表示長期的或重復性的動作,說話時動作未必正在進行。
如:Mr Green is writing another novel. (說話時并不一定在寫小說)
(3)表示動作的漸變,這樣的動詞有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。
如:The leaves are turning red.
It’s getting warmer and warmer.
(4)與always, constantly, forever 等詞連用,表示反復發生的動作或持續存在的狀態,往往帶有說話人的主觀色彩。
如:You are always changing your mind. 你老是改變主意。
(5)用現在進行時表示將來
下列動詞come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬間動詞的現在進行時可以表示將來。
如:I’m leaving tomorrow.
過去進行時
1. 概念:表示過去某段時間或某一時刻正在發生或進行的行為或動作。
如:My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself.
2. 時間狀語:at this time yesterday, at that time或以when引導的謂語動詞是一般過去時的時間狀語等。
3. 基本結構:主語 + was / were + doing
否定形式:主語 + was / were + not + doing
一般疑問句:把was或were放于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)過去進行時表示過去某段時間內持續進行的動作或者事情。
如:We were watching TV from seven to nine last night.
(2)過去進行時可以表示在過去某個時間點發生的事情。時間點可以用介詞短語、副詞或從句來表示。
如:What was she doing at nine o’clock yesterday? (介詞短語表示時間點)
She was doing her homework then. (副詞表示時間點)
When I saw him he was decorating his room. (when從句表示時間點)
(3)在復合句中,如果主要動作和背景動作都是延續的或同時發生的,那么主從句的動詞都可用過去進行時。
如:When he was waiting for the bus, he was reading a newspaper. (兩個動作都是延續的)
He was cleaning his car while I was cooking. (兩個動作同時進行或主句的動作發生在從句的動作過程中)
一般將來時
1. 概念:表示將要發生的動作或存在的狀態及打算、計劃或準備做某事。
2. 時間狀語:tomorrow, next day (week, month, year), soon, in a few minutes, by the day after tomorrow等。
3. 基本結構:
(1)主語 + am / is / are / going to do sth;
(2)主語 + will do sth。
否定形式:
(1)主語 + am / is /are + not + going to do sth
(2)主語 + will not(won’t) do sth
一般疑問句:
(1)am / is / are放于句首;
(2)will置于句首。
4. will主要用于以下三個方面:
(1)表示主觀意愿的將來。
如:They will go to visit the factory tomorrow.
(2)表示不以人的意志為轉移的客觀的將來。
如:Today is Saturday. Tomorrow will be Sunday.
He will be thirty years old this time next year.
(3)表示臨時決定,通常用于對話中。
— Mary has been ill for a week.
— Oh, I didn’t know. I will go and see her.
5. be going to主要用于以下兩個方面:
(1)表示事先經過考慮、打算、計劃要做某事。
如:Dad and I are going to watch an opera this afternoon.
今天下午我和爸爸打算去看歌劇。
(2)表示根據目前某種跡象判斷,某事非常有可能發生,表示推測。
如:Look! There come the dark clouds. It is going to rain.
瞧!烏云密集。天要下雨了。
過去將來時
1. 概念:立足于過去某一時刻,從過去看將來,常用于賓語從句中。
2. 時間狀語:the next day (morning, year), the following month (week)等。
3. 基本結構:
(1)主語 + was / were / going to do sth
(2)主語 + would do sth
否定形式:
(1)主語 + was / were / not + going to do sth
(2)主語 + would + not + do sth
一般疑問句:
(1)was或were放于句首;
(2)would 提到句首。
4. 用法:
(1)“would + 動詞原形”常表示主觀意愿的將來。
如:He said he would come to see me. 他說他要來看我。
(2)“was / were + going to + 動詞原形”常表示按計劃或安排即將發生的事。
如:She said she was going to start off at once.
I was told that he was going to return home.
此結構還可表示根據某種跡象來看,很可能或即將發生的事情。
如:It seemed as if it was going to rain. 看來好像要下雨。
(3)come,go,leave,arrive,start等瞬時動詞可用過去進行時表示過去將來的含義。
如:He said the train was leaving at six the next morning.
She told me she was coming to see me.
現在完成時
1. 概念:過去發生或已經完成的動作對現在造成的影響或結果,或從過去已經開始持續到現在并且有可能繼續下去的動作或狀態。
2. 時間狀語:recently, lately, since, for, in the past few years等。
3. 基本結構:主語 + have / has + done +其他
否定形式:主語 + have / has + not +done +其他
一般疑問句:Have / Has +主語 + done +其他
4. since的三種用法:
(1) since +過去的一個時間點(如具體的年、月、日期、鐘點、1980, last month, half past six)。
如:I have been here since 1989.
(2) since +一段時間+ ago。
如:I have been here since five months ago.
(3)since +從句(一般過去時)。
如:Great changes have taken place since you left.
比較since和for
since 用來說明動作起始時間,for用來說明動作延續時間的長度。
如:We haven’t had any guests since we moved in here.
I have lived here for more than twenty years.
注意:并非有for 作為時間狀語的句子都用現在完成時。
I worked here for more than twenty years. (我現在已不在這里工作。)
過去完成時
1. 概念:以過去某個時間為參照,在此以前發生的動作或行為,或在過去某動作之前已完成的動作,即“過去的過去”。
2. 時間狀語:before, by the end of last year(term, month)等。
3. 基本結構:主語 + had done +其他
否定形式:主語 + hadn’t done +其他
一般疑問句:had置于句首。
4. 用法:
(1)用于told, said, knew, heard, thought等動詞后的賓語從句中。
如:She said (that) she had never been to Paris.
(2)在過去不同時間發生的兩個動作中,發生在先的動作用過去完成時;發生在后的動作用一般過去時。
如:When the police arrived, the thieves had run away.
(3)表示意向的動詞,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等用過去完成時表示“原本······,未能······”。
如:We had hoped that you would come, but you didn’t.
注意: had hardly… when ... 剛······就······。
如:I had hardly opened the door when he hit me. 我剛打開門,他就打了我。
had no sooner…than 剛······就······。
如:He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車,轉眼又賣了。