hello大家好，我是達達。每天，決策之海擺在我們面前，不可能每次都做出完美的選擇。但是有很多方法可以提高我們的機會——一種特別有效的技術是批判性思維。薩曼莎·阿古斯（Samantha Agoos）描述了一個5步驟的過程，這也許可以幫助你解決許多問題。
演說者：Samantha Agoos
演說題目：|5 tips to improve your critical thinking提高批判性思維的5個步驟
Every day, a sea of decisions stretches before us. Some are small and unimportant, but others have a larger impact on our lives — for example,
無時不刻，我們都在做各種各樣的決定，有些微不足道，有些則對我們的一生都有很大影響。比如說，
‘Which politician should I vote for?’; ‘Should I try the latest diet craze?’; or ‘Will email make me a millionaire?’ Below, Samantha Agoos explains 5 tips to improve your critical thinking.
我該投票給哪個政客？要不要試試最新的減肥食譜？或是，這封電郵會讓我成為百萬富翁嗎？
We’re bombarded with so many decisions that it’s impossible to make a perfect choice every time. But, there are many ways to improve our chances — and one particularly effective technique is critical thinking.
我們被大量的決定圍攻著，很多時候都沒法做出最好的決定。但還有很多提高正確幾率方法，其中最有效的方法之一就是批判性思維。
This is a way of approaching a question that allows us to carefully deconstruct a situation, reveal its hidden issues — such as bias and manipulation — and make the best decision. If the critical part sounds negative, that’s because, in a way, it is.
這種解決問題的思維方式，能讓我們更仔細地分析形勢，發現隱藏的問題，比如一些偏見和操縱，并作出更好的選擇。如果你覺得“批判性”有點兒否定意味，那正說明它在起作用。
Rather than choosing an answer because it ‘feels right’, a person who uses critical thinking subjects all available options to scrutiny and skepticism. Using the tools at their disposal, they’ll eliminate everything but the most useful and reliable information.
一個具有批判性思維的人，不會因為哪個聽起來不錯就選哪個，而會仔細審查每一個選擇，并抱有懷疑態度。他們會用一切手段排除其他選項，只留下最有用最有用、最值得信賴的信息。
There are many different ways of approaching critical thinking, but here’s one 5 step process that may help you solve any number of problems:
有很多運用批判性思維的方法，這里講的方法，只需五步，可以幫你解決各種問題。
1: Formulate your question. In other words, know what you’re looking for. This isn’t always as straightforward as it sounds. For example, if you’re deciding whether to try out the newest diet craze, your reasons for doing so may be obscured by other factors — like claims that you’ll see results in just two weeks.
第一：明確你的問題。換句話說，知道你想要什么。這有時并不如想象中的直接，比如說，你在考慮嘗試最近流行的飲食方法，這種方法聲稱”兩周內就能看到效果” 你的初衷可能被其它因素而遮蓋。
But, if you approach the situation with a clear view of what you’re actually trying to accomplish by dieting — whether that’s weight loss, better nutrition, or having more energy — that’ll equip you to sift through this information critically, find what you’re looking for, and decide whether the new fad really suits your needs.
但如果你面對選擇時有更明晰的觀點，你真正想要通過這個飲食方法達到什么效果——為了減重也好，為了更均衡的營養也好，或是為了更有活力，就使你更批判地篩選信息，從而找到你真正想要的答案，決定這個點子是否能真正符合你的需要。
2: Gather your information. There’s lots of it out there, so having a clear idea of your question will help you determine what’s relevant.
第二：搜集信息。信息無所不在，所以明晰你的問題可以幫你決定哪些信息是有用的。
If you’re trying to decide on a diet to improve your nutrition, you may ask an expert for their advice, or seek other people’s testimonies. Information gathering helps you weigh different options, moving you closer to a decision that meets your goal.
如果你想通過飲食方式來攝取更多營養，你可以咨詢下營養師，或是向他人尋求經驗。搜集幫助你權衡不同方案，使你做出更接近目標的決定。
3: Apply the information — something you do by asking critical questions. Facing a decision, ask yourself, ‘what concepts are at work?’‘What assumptions exist?’‘Is my interpretation of the information logically sound?’
第三：運用信息，可以通過問關鍵性問題對信息加以運用。面對一個選擇時，問問自己 “哪些概念要用到？” “存在幾種假設？” “我對信息的解讀符合邏輯嗎？”
For example, in an email that promises you millions, you should consider: ‘what is shaping my approach to this situation?’‘Do I assume the sender is telling the truth?’‘Based on the evidence, is it logical to assume I’ll win any money?’
比如，一個郵件聲稱能讓你成為百萬富翁，你可以考慮下面幾個問題：“什么因素決定我對此做出判斷？” “我認為發件人說的是實話嗎？” “從現實來看，我有可能贏錢嗎？”
4: Consider the implications. Imagine it’s election time, and you’ve selected a political candidate based on their promise to make it cheaper for drivers to fill up on gas. At first glance, that seems great.
第四，考慮后果及影響。想象一下現在是大選期，你選擇支持一個候選人是因為他承諾 要讓汽油更便宜。初聽上去還不錯。
But what about the long-term environmental effects? If gasoline use is less restricted by cost, this could also cause a huge surge in air pollution—an unintended consequence that’s important to think about.
但長期來講會對環境造成什么影響？如果不用高價限制汽油的使用，大氣污染將變得極其嚴重，而這是必須考慮的一個意外后果。
5: Explore other points of view. Ask yourself why so many people are drawn to the policies of the opposing political candidate. Even if you disagree with everything that candidate says,
第五：了解其他觀點。問問自己為什么那么多人被對方候選人政策吸引。即使你一點都不認同那個候選人所說的，
exploring the full spectrum of viewpoints might explain why some policies that don’t seem valid to you appeal to others. This will allow you to explore alternatives, evaluate your own choices, and ultimately help you make more informed decisions.
你也要探究他的一系列觀點，弄清楚為什么他的政策你覺得沒用，但別人喜歡。你就讓你能進一步探究其他選擇，衡量你自己的選項，最后做出更好的決定。
This five-step process is just one tool, and it certainly won’t eradicate difficult decisions from our lives. But, it can help us increase the number of positive choices we make.
這五個步驟僅僅是工具，也不可能完全消除我們所面對的難題。但卻可以幫我們做出更多更好的決定。
Critical thinking can give us the tools to sift through a sea of information and find what we’re looking for. And, if enough of us use it, it has the power to make the world a more reasonable place.
批判性思維方式能幫我們篩選信息，找到我們真正想要的。而且如果更多的人具備批判性思維的能力， 這個世界將變得更加理性。
