我們希望有一天,有更多的人開始真正把戶外作為一種生活方式。它不僅僅是一種特立獨行和放蕩不羈,更普遍或者說更重要的是,它是根源于每個人的心中,對于自然的好奇與人文的關(guān)懷……
為此,我們精選優(yōu)秀的原版文章,向中國讀者推薦小眾旅行目的地以及有品位的生活方式,特別邀請經(jīng)驗豐富的編譯團隊打造「萬象」專欄,帶您領(lǐng)略戶外旅行的萬種風情。
談及西班牙最熱門的體育項目,如果你是一位足球迷的話,可能馬上就會說出“皇馬”、“巴薩”這樣的字眼。的確,西班牙的足球一直在世界處于領(lǐng)先的水平,不過你知道嗎,真正發(fā)源于西班牙、并享有“國粹”美譽的,其實是另一項體育運動哦!
塞維利亞斗牛場 | From Pinterest
如果你看過近期剛上映的一部名為《公牛歷險記》的影片,那么相信你立刻就能想到,西班牙還擁有一項歷史更為悠久的體育項目——就是斗牛啦!
斗牛作為西班牙最廣為人知的一項傳統(tǒng)活動,與此同時,也是最具爭議的一個當?shù)仫L俗。西班牙國內(nèi)甚至是海外都曾廣泛討論過,在觀眾面前祭祀性地刺殺公牛是否具有不合理性。毫不夸張地說,每個人在有生之年內(nèi),至少都會看到或聽到相關(guān)的圖片或消息。
龍達斗牛場 | From ABC de Sevilla
不過話說回來,這項傳統(tǒng)的“盛宴”如果缺了當?shù)氐奶赜衅贩N公牛——“toro bravo”(猛牛),可能也就不復(fù)存在了。“Toro bravo”的祖先被稱作是最原始的野牛,曾廣泛分布于世界各地。據(jù)歷史記載,過去的許多文明都十分尊敬這個品種的牛,希臘克里特島(the Greek island of Crete)上還盛行公牛崇拜;不僅如此,圣經(jīng)中也講述過公牛為紀念神圣正義而作出犧牲的故事。
在遠古時代,公牛在利比亞部落(Iberian tribes)的宗教慶典中扮演著十分重要的角色。
勇猛的公牛 | From Redbubble
接下來我還想告訴你一個有趣的小秘密:斗牛廣場(the plaza de toros)的起源可能并非是羅馬的圓形劇場,而是凱爾特人-伊比利亞(Celtic-Iberian)的廟宇,也就是他們舉行宗教慶典儀式的地方!在索里亞省(Soria)努曼西亞(Numancia)附近,其中一個凱爾特人幸存了下來,那里的人們認為公牛是為神獻祭所用的。
凱爾特人文化遺跡 | From Megustavolar Iberia
雖說宗教性的公牛崇拜起源于伊比利亞時期,不過真正將其發(fā)展成一種奇觀的是之后的希臘和羅馬。中世紀,貴族們騎在馬背上被視為是一種消遣——也因此開始流行一種蘇爾特·德卡尼亞斯(suerte de ca?as)的風格。到了18世紀,這種傳統(tǒng)或多或少被逐漸摒棄,而貧困階層的人們開始發(fā)展斗牛這項活動。弗朗西斯科·羅梅羅(Francisco Romero)是為這項新晉運動制定規(guī)則的關(guān)鍵人物。
馬術(shù)表演 | From Horsezone
如果你對斗牛這項活動并不熟悉,那么接下來我會講述整個項目的流程,這樣也便于你決定到達西班牙之后是否要觀看這項體育運動。
當斗牛士依次進入角斗場,向觀眾和總統(tǒng)展示過自己之后,斗牛比賽就算是正式開始了。
斗牛士及其助手入場 | From Elcomercio
兩位騎在馬背上的助手找到總統(tǒng)的箱子之后,會象征性地詢問門的鑰匙。在門背后,等待著的是蓄勢待發(fā)的公牛們。待門打開之后,第一只公牛將進入到會場,也預(yù)示比賽正式開始。比賽有三個部分組成,每部分之間的間隔會依靠號角的鳴聲來表示。
斗牛引逗階段 | From Torosennavarra
在第一回合中,斗牛士會使用一種專用斗篷(由粉紫和黃色兩種顏色相接)做相關(guān)準備活動,同時,兩名手持長矛的斗牛士會騎馬進場。到了第二回合,便是騎士手中長矛真正發(fā)揮作用的時候了,騎手需將一對長矛刺入公牛的背里。緊接著進入到第三回合,斗牛士需要取下覆蓋在長矛上的紅布,并向觀眾展示他能夠熟練主宰公牛的能力。同時,還要在人與獸之間建立一種藝術(shù)性的共生關(guān)系。
長矛穿刺 | From Wikipedia
但這樣的藝術(shù)是血腥的,斗牛表演運動最終還是會以公牛的死亡為終結(jié)。公牛會被斗牛士手中的劍刺死。
助手引開公牛,長矛手退場 | From Everystockphoto
聽完以上關(guān)于斗牛的介紹,你大概也就能明白為什么一直以來斗牛在世界范圍內(nèi)都是一項具有爭議性的運動了吧?在我們提倡人與自然和諧共處的今天,我們是否應(yīng)該繼續(xù)以傳統(tǒng)的賽制去維系這項“勇敢者游戲”呢?這應(yīng)該是值得我們每個人都去深思的問題。
斗牛士刺死公牛 | From Larazon
The bullfighting tradition in Spain is certainly one of its best-known, although at the same time one of the most controversial popular customs. Within Spain and abroad widely discussed for the public ritual scarification of the bulls, an image everybody in the world as seen or heard about at least once in their lives.
羅斯加里法斯斗牛場 | From Siiradio
This traditional feast could not exist without the “toro bravo”, a special ancient bull′ species only to be conserved in Spain. The ancestor of the “Toro bravo” called the primitive urus, were widely spread out over the world. In written history, many civilizations revered to them; the bull cults on the Greek island of Crete are very well known but also the Bible tells of sacrifices of bulls in honour of divine justice.
克里特島跳牛儀式 | From DeviantArt
In prehistoric times, bulls played an important role in the religious ceremonies of the Iberian tribes living in the Iberian Peninsula. The origins of the plaza de toros (bullring) are probably not the Roman amphitheatres but rather the Celtic-Iberian temples where those ceremonies were held. Near Numancia in the province of Soria one of them has survived, and it is supposed that bulls were sacrificed to the gods there.
努曼西亞祭祀 | From Turismo Soria
While religious bull cults go back to Iberians, it was Greek and Roman influences that converted it into a spectacle. During the Middle Ages it was a diversion for the aristocracy to torear on horseback-a style known as suerte de ca?as. In the 18th century this tradition was more or less abandoned and the poorer population invented bullfighting on foot. Francisco Romero was a key figure in laying down the rules for the new sport.
背頸部扎著花鏢的公牛 | From Wikipedia
If you are not familiar with corridas de toros (bullfights), here is what happens in order, so that you can decide by yourself whether you want to see one when you are in Spain. A corrida starts when everybody involved in the bullfight enters the ring and presents themselves to the president and public.
赫雷斯-德拉弗龍?zhí)乩放觯?900年海報 | From Postermuseum
Two alguacilillos on horseback look up to the president's box and symbolically ask for the keys to the puerta de los toriles. Behind that door the bulls are waiting. When the door opens and the first bull enters the spectacle starts for real. It consists of three parts, the separation of which is signalled with a bugle call.
圣費爾明奔牛節(jié) | From Diario de Navarra
In the first tercio the bullfighter uses the capote, that is a pinkish-mauve colour on one side and yellow on the other. Now the two picadors enter on horseback, armed with a sort of lance.
斗牛進入最后階段 | From AnimaNaturalis
The second tercio is la suerte de banderillas. Three banderilleros must stick a pair of banderillas into the charging bull's back. In the final suerte suprema the bullfighter uses the muleta, a small red cloth draped from a stick. He has to show his mastery to dominate the bull, and to establish an artistic symbiosis between man and beast. The corrida ends with the torero using his sword to kill the bull.
公牛被斗牛士Enrique Ponce刺死,斗牛士獲得了保留牛耳牛尾的榮耀 | From Deltoroalinfinito
本期作者:
Bram von Blomberg
Bram是一位專業(yè)戶外領(lǐng)隊、荒野向?qū)АK?7歲時就開始在哥斯達黎加一帶做自然向?qū)В瑢釒Я謽I(yè)了解頗深,在拉丁美洲多個國家工作過,現(xiàn)居西班牙,是PANGEA(全球最大旅行概念商店)探險部負責人。
排版:Orange
圖片:Quella
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