初中英語 2010-04-12 17:10:28 閱讀89 評論0 字號：大中小 訂閱
慶云英語教研博客初三年級（上）
【知識梳理】
I. 重點短語
1. at the moment
2. used to
3. for a while
4. walk away with sth.
5. leave for some place
6. sooner or later
7. pay for
8. come up with an idea
9. think of
10. have a try
11. all over the world
12. be famous for
13. large numbers of
14. all the year round
15. no matter what
16. give up
17. for example
18. by the way
19. on business
20. so far
21. come true
22. set off
23. slow down
24. go on doing
25. wait for
26. be proud of
27. be afraid of
28. speak highly of
29. a year and a half
30. half a year
31. pick up
32. as soon as
33. keep… clean
34. take care of
35. cut down
36. make a contribution to
37. base on
38. make sure
39. take away
40. begin with
41. right now
42. as soon as possible
43. leave a message
44. all kinds of things
45. walk around
46. fall asleep
47. wake up
48. go on a trip
49. have a good time
50. take photos
51. come out
52. come on
53. have a family meeting
54. talk about
55. go for a holiday
56 go scuba diving
57. write down
58. by on
eself 59. walk along
60. get a chance to do sth
61. have a wonderful time
62. book a room
63. have an accident
64. be interested in
65. use sth. to do sth.
66. make a TV show
67. be amazed at
68. take part in
69. feed on
70. get out of
II. 重要句型
1. Why don’t you do sth.?
2. make sb. Happy
3. borrow sth. from sb.
4. forget to do sth.
5. pay fro sth.
6. return sth. To sb.
7. learn sth. from sb.
8. be famous for sth.
9. No matter what…
10. be with sb.
11. go on doing sth.
12. speak highly of sb.
13. keep doing sth.
14. allow sb. To do sth.
15. encourage sb. to do sth. 16. It is said that…
III. 交際用語
1. --- Excuse me, have you got …?
--- Yes, I have. (Sorry, I haven’t.)
2. --- Why don’t you …?
--- Thanks, I will.
3. --- Thanks a lot. (Thank you very much.)
--- You are welcome.
4. --- Have you ever done…?
--- Yes, I have, on
ce. (No, never.) 5. --- I’ve just done…
--- Really?
6. ---What’s …like ?
7. --- How long have you been…?
--- Since…
8. --- Have you ever been to…?
--- I’ve never been there. (None of us has./ On
ly …has. ) 9. --- Would you like to have a try?
--- I don’t think I can…
10. --- What have you done since…?
11. --- How long have you been at this …?
--- For…
12. --- How long has she/ he worked there…?
--- She’s / He’s worked there for… / all her / his life.
13. --- I’m sorry he isn’t here right now.
14. --- May I help you?
15. --- That’s very kind of you.
16. ---Could we go scuba diving?
17. --- Could you tell us how long we’re going to be away?
18. --- Let’s try to find some information about it, OK?
19. --- Could you please tell me how to search the Internet?
20. --- Go straight along here.
21. ---Please go to Gate 12.
22. --- Please come this way.
23. --- Could you tell me what you think about Hainan Island?
24. --- That sounds really cool!
IV. 重要語法
1. 賓語從句
2. 現在完成時
3. 一般過去時與現在完成時的用法比較：
【名師講解】
1. Maybe/ may be
(1) maybe是副詞，意思是“大概，也許”，常用作狀語。例如： Maybe you put it in your bag.也許你把它放在包里了。“Will he come tomorrow?”“Maybe not.” “他明天來嗎？”“也許不”。
(2) may be相當于是情態動詞may與be動詞搭配一起作謂語，意思是“也許是…，可能是…”。
例如：It may be 9:00 when they arrive.他們可能于九點到達。The man may be a lawyer. 那人也許是律師。
2. borrow/ lend/ keep/ use
(1) borrow表示的是從別人那里借來東西，即我們通常所說的“借進來”。例如：We often borrow books from our school library.我們經常從學校圖書館借書。I borrowed this dictionary from my teacher. 我從老師那兒借來了這本字典。
borrow是一個瞬間完成的動作，因此不能與時間段連用。
例如：You can borrow my recorder for three days. ( 錯誤 )I have borrowed this book for on
ly on 錯誤 )e week. ( (2) lend表示的是把自己的東西借給別人，即我們通常所說的“借出去”。 例如：Thank you for lending me your bike.謝謝你把自行車借給我。He often lends money to his brother.他經常借錢給他弟弟。
lend與borrow一樣，也是一個瞬間完成的 動作，不能與一段時間連用。
(3) keep的意思也是“借”，但一般是指借來后的保存或使用階段，是一段持續的時間，因此可以與時間段連用。例如：You can keep my recorder for three days.我的錄音機你可以借用三天。
I have kept this book for on
ly on 這本書我才剛借了一星期。e week. (4) use也可以當“借用”講，但它的本意是“用，使用”。例如：May I use your ruler? 我能借你的尺子用一下嗎？He had to use this public telephone.他不得不使用這部公用電話。
3. leave/ leave for
(1) leave意思是“離開，留下”。 例如：We left Shanghai two years ago.我們兩年前離開了上海。
He left his cell phone in the taxi last week.他上周把手機落在出租車里了。
(2) leave for意思是“前往”，表示要去的目的地。例如：We will leave for Tibet next month.我們將于下月去西藏。The train is leaving for Moscow.這趟火車即將開往莫斯科。
4. since/ for
(1) since用于完成時態，既能用作介詞，也能用作連詞，后常接時間點，意思是“自從”。 例如：
He has been a worker since he came into this city.自從他來到這個城市，他就是工人了。
I have never seen him since we last met in Shanghai .自從我們上次在上海見過之后我再也沒見過他。
since作連詞，還有“既然”的意思。例如： Since you are interested in it, just do it. 既然你對它感興趣，那就做吧。 You can have fun now since you’ve finished your work.既然你已經做完了功課，就開心玩會兒吧。
(2) for用于完成時，用作介詞，后常接一段時間，意思是“經過…”。例如： I have learned English for five years.我已經學了五年英語了。They have waited for you for 30 minutes.他們已經等了你三十分鐘了。
for也可以用作連詞，但意思是“因為”。 例如： They missed the flight for they were late.他們由于完到了而誤了航班。He fell ill for many reasons.他由于多種原因病倒了。
5. neither/ either/ both
(1) neither作代詞是對兩者都進行否定，意思為“兩者都不”，作主語時謂語動詞用單數.例如：Neither of the boys is from England.這兩個男孩都不是來自英國。I know neither of them. 他們兩個我都不認識。
neither用作形容詞，也修飾單數名詞，意思與作代詞時相同；用作連詞時，一般與nor搭配，表示 “既不…也不”。作主語時，謂語動詞也遵循就近原則。 例如：She neither ate nor drank yesterday. 她昨天既不吃也不喝。Neither he nor we play football on Sundays. 他和我們星期天都不踢球。
(2) either作代詞時，是指兩者中的任意一方,(兩者之)每一個，故作主語時謂語動詞用單數.
例如：Either of the books is new.這兩本書任何一本都是新的.
She doesn’t like either of the films.這兩部電影她都不喜歡.
either作形容詞, 用來修飾單數名詞,意思與作介詞時相同.
例如：Either school is near my home. (這兩所學校中的)任何一所學校都離我家很近.
Either question is difficult.兩個問題(中的任何一個)都難.
either作連詞時,一般與or搭配,表示兩者選其一，意思是“不是…就是”。作主語時，謂語動詞遵循就近原則。
Either he or I am right.不是他就是我是對的。
Either my sister or my parents are coming to see me.不是我姐姐就是我父母要來看我。
(3) both作代詞時，指的是所涉及到的“兩者都”, 故作主語時,謂語動詞用復數形式。
I like both of the stories.這兩個故事我都喜歡。Both of my parents are teachers.我父母兩人都是老師。
both作形容詞時，用來修飾兩者,意思與作代詞時相同.Both his arms are hurt.他的兩只胳膊都受傷了。
Both these students are good at English. 這兩個學生都擅長英語。
both用作連詞時，多與and搭配，表示“既…又, 不僅…而且”, 作主語時,謂語動詞仍用復數形式。
Both piano and violin are my bobbies.鋼琴和小提琴都是我的愛好。
They study both history and physics. 他們既學歷史，又學物理。
6. find/look for/ find out
(1) find強調找的結果，意思是“找到”。此外還有“發現，發覺”的意思，后可接賓語從句。
例如：Jim couldn’t find his hat.吉姆找不著帽子了。Have you found your lost keys? 你找到丟失的鑰匙了嗎？
He found the lights were on along the street.他發現沿街的燈都亮了
(2) look for的意思為“尋找”，指的是找的動作而非結果。另外，還有“盼望，期待”的意思。
例如：She is looking for her son.她正在找她的兒子。We’ve been looking for the car since early this morning.我們從今天一大早就開始找這輛車了。I look for the coming holiday.我期待著即將來臨的假期。
(3) find out含有經過觀察、研究或探索而得知的意思，后常接較抽象的事物，意思是“找出，發現，查明（真相）”等。例如： I can find out who took my money away.我能查出誰拿了我的錢。
Could you find out when the plane arrives? 你能設法知道飛機何時到嗎？
7. forget to do/ forget doing
(1) forget to do是指忘記去做某件事了，即該事還沒有做。例如： Please don’t forget to call this afternoon.今天下午不要忘了給我打電話。I forgot to take some small change with me.我身上忘了帶零錢了。
(2) forget doing是指忘記某件已經做過的事情，即該事已經做了，但被忘記了。 例如：He forgot telling me his address.他忘了告訴過我地址了。They forgot having been here before.他們忘了以前曾來過這兒。
8. stop doing/ stop to do
(1) stop doing是指停止做某事，即doing這個動作不再繼續。例如：They stopped debating.他們停止了辯論。（不辯論了）He had to stop driving as the traffic lights changed in to red. 由于交通燈變成了紅色他不得不停車。
(2) stop to do是指停下來開始做另一件事，即停止原先的事，開始做do這個動作。
例如：She stopped to have a rest.她停下來休息會兒。（開始休息）They stopped to talk.他們停下來開始交談。
9. except/ besides
(1) except是指不包括后面所提人或物在內的“除了”，可以理解為“撇開…不談”,表示兩部分的不同。 Everyone is excited except me.除我以外的每個人都很激動。（他們激動，而我卻不激動）All the visitors are Japanese except him.除他以外的所有游客都是日本人。（其他人是日本人，可他不是）
(2)besides是包括后面所提人或物在內的“除了”，可以理解為“除之外…還、除之外…又”，表示兩部分的相似性。例如：Twenty-five students went to the cinema besides him.除他以外，還有25個學生去看了電影。(他和另外25人都去了)We like biology besides English.除了英語外，我們還喜歡生物。（生物和英語都喜歡）
besides還可用作副詞，意思是“此外；而且”，常用于句首或句尾。
例如：He is a great thinker, and besides, he is a politician.他是一名偉大的思想家，除此以外，他還是一位政治家。
They encouraged me, and they supported me with money, besides. 他們不僅鼓勵我，而且與我以金錢上的支持。
10. keep doing/ keep on doing
(1) keep doing指的是連續地、堅持不斷地做某事，中間不間斷。 例如：It kept blowing for a whole day.刮了一整天風了。The temperature keeps dropping.溫度持續下降。
(2) keep on doing是指反復堅持做某事，但動作之間略有間隔。例如：They have kept on writing to each other for many years.他們已經互相通信多年了。After drinking some water, he kept on talking.喝了一些水后，他堅持講話。
11. seem/ look
(1) seem一般著重于以客觀跡象為依據，意思是“似乎、好象、看起來…”。 例如：The baby seems to be happy.嬰兒看上去似乎很高興。He seemed to be sorry for that.他似乎為那件事感到抱歉。
seem能與to do結構連用，而look不能。 例如：It seems to rain. 似乎要下雨了。
They seemed to have finished their work.他們似乎已經完成了工作。
在it作形式主語的句型中只能用seem。 例如：It seems that he is quite busy now.他現在看起來很忙。
It seems to us that there is nothing serious.在我看來沒什么大不了的。
(2) look用作“看起來；好像”時，常從物體的外觀或樣貌上來判斷，是以視覺所接受的印象為依據的。
例如：The room looks clean.這間房看起來很干凈。The girl looks like her mother.那女孩看起來向她的媽媽。
12. such/ so
(1)such常用作形容詞，用來修飾名詞。 例如：Don’t be such a fool.別這么傻。
He is such a clever boy.他是如此聰明的一個男孩。
(2) so是副詞，用來修飾形容詞或副詞。 例如：He is so kind! 他真好心！
Why did you come so late? 你為何回來得如此晚？
當名詞前有many, much, few, little等表示多、少時，應該用so。
例如：He has so many friends.他有如此多的朋友。 On
ly so little time is left! 才剩這么一點兒時間！13. either/ too/ also
(1)either用作“也”時是副詞，常用于否定句句尾。
例如：She is not a Japanese, I’m not, either.她不是日本人，我也不是。
My sister doesn’t like this song, either.我妹妹也不喜歡這首歌。
(2)too常用于肯定句或疑問句尾，表示“也”。
例如：He likes China, too.他也喜歡中國。 Are you in Grade 3, too? 你也在三年級嗎？
(3)also也常用于肯定句或疑問句，但一般位于句中。
例如：We are also students.我們也是學生。 He also went there on foot.他也是走著去的。
Did you also want to have a look? 你也想看看嗎？
14. if/ whether
在下列情況下只能用whether而非if：
(1)與or not連用時，只能用whether.
We want to know whether you are ill or not. 我們想知道你是否生病了。
Please tell me whether or not you have finished your work.請告訴我們你是否完成了工作。
(2)后接動詞不定式時，只能用whether.
Adam didn’t know whether to go or stay.亞當不知道是走還是留。
He hasn’t decided whether to have dinner with me.他還沒決定是否和我共進晚餐。
(3)所引導的賓語從句放在主句之前時，只能用whether.
Whether it will rain or snow, we don’t mind. 我們不在乎將要刮風還是下雨。
Whether I won or lost, she didn’t want to know.我是贏是輸她不想知道。
(4)引導主語從句或表語從句時，一般用whether.
The most imp
ortant was whether they had gone. 最重要的是他們是不是已經走了。Whether he will go with me is a secret.他是否會和我一起去還是個秘密。
if能引導條件狀語從句，表示“如果，假如”，而whether沒有此用法。
We’ll have a football match if it doesn’t rain tomorrow.如果明天不下雨，我們 要進行足球賽。
I’ll tell him if I sees him.我看見他就告訴他。
If you’re in danger, please call 110.如果你遇到危險，請撥打110。
15. cost/ spend/ pay/ take
(1) cost一般用某物來做主語，表示“（某物）值…、花費…”，既能指花費時間也能指金錢。
The new bike costs me 300 yuan.這輛新自行車花了我三百元。
It will cost you a whole to read through this book.通讀這本書將會花費你整整一周時間。
cost 還可以用作名詞，表示“成本、費用、價格、代價”等。
What’s the cost of this TV set? 這臺電視機的成本是多少錢？
They succeeded at the cost of hard work.他們辛苦地工作換來的成功。
(2) spend一般用某人來作主語，表示“（某人）花費…，付出…”，也能指時間或金錢，指時間時常與 in搭配，指金錢時常與on或for搭配。
We spent two days in repairing this machine.我們花了兩天時間修理這臺機器。
Mr. Lee spends $20 on books every month.李先生每月花二十美元在書上。
(3) pay用作動詞時，一般也以某人作主語，但一般指花錢、付款等，很少用來指花費時間。常與for搭配使用。例如：They paid 70 yuan for the tickets.他們花了七十元買票。
He was too poor to pay for his schooling.他窮得交不起學費。
pay還可以用作名詞，意思為“薪水、工資”等。
It’s hard for me to live with such low pay.我很難靠這么低的薪水生活下去。
(4)take也指“花費(時間、金錢)”，但通常用某事、某物做主語，或用形式主語it.
How long will the meeting take? 會議要開多久？It took me several hours to get there. 我花了幾個小時才到那兒。
16. bad/ badly
這兩個詞的意思含有“壞、糟、嚴重”等意思，且它們有共同的比較級worse和最高級worst 。
(1) bad是一個形容詞，意思是“壞的，糟糕的，差的，嚴重的”。
例如：I don’t think he is a bad person.我并不認為他是一個壞人。I had a bad headache.我的頭疼得很厲害。
(2)badly是一個副詞,意思是“不好地，差”，也可以表示程度，意為“嚴重地，非常，極度”。
例如：We need help badly.我們急需幫助。His arm was badly hurt.他的胳膊嚴重受傷了。
17. interested/ interesting
(1) interested是指“對…產生興趣的，對…感興趣的”，一般用人做主語，后常用介詞in.
例如：He was interested in biology before.他以前對生物感興趣。 I’m not interested in art.我對藝術不感興趣。
(2)interesting的意思是“有趣的”，指能夠給人帶來興趣的某人或某事物。例如：
He is an interesting old man.他是個有趣的老頭。The interesting story attracted me. 這個有趣的故事吸引了我。
18. dead/ die/ death/ dying
(1) dead是形容詞，意思為“死了的、無生命的”，表示狀態，可以與一段時間連用。 例如：
The tree has been dead for ten years.這棵樹死了有十年了。The rabbits are all dead. 這些兔子都是死的。
(2) die是動詞，意思為“死、死亡”，是一個瞬間動詞，不能與一段時間連用。例如：
My grandpa died two years ago.我爺爺兩年前去世了。The old man died of cancer.老人死于癌癥。
(3) death是名詞，意思為“死亡、去世”等。
The memorial hall was built on
e year after his death. 他死后一年，紀念館建成了。His death is a great loss to us.他的死是我們的巨大損失。
(4) dying 是die的現在分詞，用作形容詞，意思是“垂死的、即將死去的”。
The doctors have saved the dying man.醫生們救活了那個垂死的人。
The poor dog had no food, it was dying.可憐的狗沒有食物,快要餓死了。
【考點掃描】
中考考點在本單元主要集中在：
1. 賓語從句的時態和語序；
2. 一般過去時和過去完成時的用法區別；
3. 本單元學過的詞匯、短語和句型；
4. 本單元學習的日常交際用語。
考試形式可以是單項填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. （2004年北京市海淀區中考試題）
---Do you know ________________?---On
ly ten months old. A. when does Tiger Woods start golfing B. when did Tiger Woods start golfing
C. when Tiger Woods starts golfing D. when Tiger Woods started golfing
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是賓語從句的時態和語序。這個賓語從句的時態應用一般過去時，應為這里說的是過去的事情。語序應用陳述句的語序，所以正確答案是: when Tiger Woods started golfing。
2. （2004年北京市海淀區中考試題）
I’m interested in animals, so I _____________ every Saturday working in an animal hospital.
A. pay B. get C. take D. spend
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是pay, get, take和spend這四個動詞的用法區別。只有動詞spend可以用在sb. spends time doing sth. 這個句型里，所以正確答案影視spend。
3. （2004年天津市中考試題）
Could I ________ your telephone? I have something imp
ortant to tell my parents. A. keep B. borrow C. use D. lend
【解析】答案：C。該題考查的是keep, borrow, use和lend四個動詞的用法區別。keep的真正含義是“保留”，borrow的含義是“借入”，lend的含義是“借出”，只有use的含義是“使用”。在這個句子里實際上是“使用”的意思，所以應選use。
4. （2004年鄂州市中考試題）
---Hi, Ann. Where’s your brother? I need his help.
---He left home two weeks ago and ________away ever since.
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
【解析】答案：C。該題考查的是動詞時態的用法區別。一般現在時表示經常發生的動作或現在所處的狀態；一般過去時表示過去的動作或過去所處的狀態；過去完成時表示過去的動作或過去的時間以前發生的事情；現在完成時表示動作或狀態從過去某一時間開始一直延續到現在或剛剛結束。這里只能用現在完成時。
初三年級（中）
【知識梳理】
I. 重點短語
1. give up
2. try out
3. most of
4. not…any more
5. at the age of
6. at that time
7. send message by telegraph
8. graduate from
9. turn down
10. put up
11. at the top of
12. get together
13. from house to house
14. at the end of
15. on top of
16. as well
17. climb down
18. in a single night
19. even though
20. live on
21. on
ce upon a time 22. according to
23. keep warm
24. on the other hand
25. on show
26. on display
27. in the future
28. look up
29. Tree Planting Day
30. just right
31. as often as possible
32. wash away
33. in this way
34. in a few years' time
35. point to
36. thanks to
37. more or less
38. so far
39. shut down
40. send up
41. put off
II. 重要句型
1.set on
e's mind to do sth. 2. put … together
3. stop…from…
4. keep…from…
5. be filled with sth.
6. give birth to
7. be covered with
8. be made of
9. fill…with…
10. match…with
11. be used for
12. have nothing to do with
13. come up with
14. no matter how…
15. keep sb./sth.warm
III. 交際用語
1. ---I'm trying to …
2. --- I'll …
3. --- Which of these would you like most to …?
4. --- What do you want to … ?
5. --- I want to…
6. --- I hope to …
7. --- I plan to…
8. --- I'm going to…
9. --- I'm so happy that …
10. --- I'm glad ….
11. --- me too.
12. --- What's this called in English?
13. --- What's it made of?
14. --- It's made of …
15. --- What's it used for?
16. --- It's used for …
17. --- English is widely used for business/ …
18. --- It is on
e of the world's most imp ortant languages as it is so widely used. 19. --- Where is / are … grown / produced / made ?
20. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
21. --- It's best to …
22. --- The hole should not be too deep.
23. --- The Great Green Wall is 7000 kilometres long, and between 400 and 1700 kilometres wide.
24. --- The more, the better.
25. --- More or less!
26. --- The (ground ) must be just right…
27. --- The hole should not be too deep.
28. 掌握以下常見標志：
ENTRANCE EXIT PUSH PULL NO SMOKING NO PARKING
FRAGILE THIS SIDE UP NO PHOTOS DANGER BUSINESS HOURS
PLAY STOP PAUSE ON OFF
IV. 重要語法
1. 動詞被動語態的結構和用法；
2. 動詞不定式的功能和用法。
【名師講解】
1. be able to/ can
(1) 都能表示“能夠，具備干某件事的能力”這個含義，此時可以互換。
Mr. Green is able to finish the work on time.
= Mr. Green can finish the work on time.
格林先生能夠按時完成這項工作。
(2) be able to可以用于各種時態，而can 為情態動詞，多用于現在時，其過去式為could。
We are sure he will be able to be an artist when he grows up.我們相信他長大后能夠成為一名畫家。
Miss Lin has been able to pay the car by herself.林小姐已經能夠自己負擔那輛車了。
(4) Can除了表示“能夠，有能力做某事”以外，還有如下用法，而be able to 則沒有。表示請求，但語氣沒有could委婉
Can I have a look at this picture? 我能看看這張圖片嗎？
Can we leave school after 6:00 p.m. ?我們可以在下午6點之后再離開學校嗎？
表示可能性。
That man can’t be our new teacher. 那人不可能是我們的新老師。
The exam can’t be too difficult.考試不會太難。
2. bring/ take/carry/fetch
(1) bring一般是指拿來，即從別處往說話人這里拿，翻譯成“帶來”。
He brought us some good news.他給我們帶來了一些好消息。
Please don’t forget to bring your homework tomorrow.明天請別忘了把家庭作業帶來。
(2) take一般是指從說話人這里往別處拿，翻譯成“帶走”。
Please take the umbrella with you. It’s going to rain.要下雨了，請把傘帶上。
She took the dictionary away.她把字典拿走了。
(3) carry不強調方向，表示“攜帶、背著、運送、搬扛”等意思。
They carried the boxes into the factory. 他們把箱子搬進了工廠。
A taxi carried them to the station. 出租車送他們到了車站
(4) fetch表示的是“去取來、去拿來、去叫來”等意思，包含去和來兩趟。
The waiter fetched them some apples.侍者為他們取來了一些蘋果。
Mother fetched the doctor for her ill son.媽媽為生病的兒子請來了醫生。
3. whole/ all
(1) whole強調一個完整如一，互不分割的整體。
The whole country is suffering the war. 整個國家正遭遇戰爭。
I just want to know the whole story.我僅僅只想知道完整的故事。
whole在句中的位置是放在所有格，冠詞和指示代詞的之后。
They will spend their whole holiday in Canada.他們將到加拿大渡過整個假期。（所有格后）
She has finished writing the whole book. 她已經寫完了整本書。（冠詞后）
whole用來修飾可數名詞（名詞用單數）。
He ate the whole cake. 他把整個蛋糕都吃了。（強調整整一個蛋糕）
(2) all強調由一個個部分組成的“全部”。
Miss Green knew all the students in the class.格林小姐認識這個班上的所有人。（一個一個全認識）
all在句中的位置是放在所有格，定冠詞和指示代詞的之前。
Jim finished all his homework in twenty minutes.吉姆在20分鐘之內完成了所有的作業。（所有格前）
Of all the boys here, he sings best.在這里所有的男孩之中，他唱的最好。（定冠詞前）
The boy can answer all these questions.那個男孩能夠回答所有的這些問題。（指示代詞前）
all既能修飾可數名詞（名詞須用復數），又能修飾不可數名詞。
All these five books are mine.這五本書都是我的。（修飾可數名詞）
She was worried about her son all the time.她總在為她的兒子擔心。（修飾不可數名詞）
4. fill/ full
(1) fill常作動詞，與with連用，意思是“注滿、裝滿”，也能表示“填空；補缺”的意思。例如：
He filled the box with chalk.他把粉筆裝滿了盒子。The bucket is filled with water.水桶里裝滿了水。
(2) full是形容詞，翻譯成“滿的，裝滿的”，常與of連用。此外還能表示“完全的”和“吃飽的，過飽的”。
All the rooms are full of people.所有的房間都滿人了。
The bus was full. He had to wait for the next on
e. 這輛車人滿了，他只有等下一輛。5. be made of/ be made from/ be made in/ be made into
(1) be made of表示"由…制成", 一般指能夠看出原材料，或發生的是物理變化。例如：
This table cloth is made of paper.這張桌布是由紙做的。
This salad is made of apples and strawberries.這種沙拉是由蘋果和草莓做的。
(2) be made from也表示"由…制成"，但一般指看不出原材料，或發生的是化學變化。例如：
Bread is made from corn.面包是小麥做的。
The lifeboat is made from some special material.這個救生艇是由某種特殊材料制成的。
(3) be made in指的是產地，意思為"于…制造"。
The caps are made in Russia.這些帽子產于俄羅斯。
My mother likes to buy things which are made in China.我媽媽喜歡買中國產的東西。
(4) be made into的意思為"被制成為…"。
This piece of wood will be made into a small bench. 這塊木頭將要被制成一個小凳。
The paper has been made into clothes for the doll. 紙被做成了洋娃娃的衣服。
6. none/ no on
e/ neither (1) none既能指人，又能指物，意思是"沒有一個，無一"，常用作代詞，與of連用。
None of us has heard of him before.我們沒有一個人以前聽說過他。
I like none of the coats. 那些外套我一件都不喜歡。
none用作主語時，謂語動詞用單復數皆可。例如：
None of the answers is true.沒有一個答案是正確的。None of the rooms are mine.沒有一間房子是我的。
(2) no on
e 只能用來指人，且不能與of連用。例如：No on
e is absent. 沒有人缺席。I knew no one there. 那里我一個人也不認識。no on
e 用作主語時，謂語動詞只能用單數。例如：No on
e agrees with you. 沒有人同意你的說法。(3) neither作代詞是對兩者都進行否定，意思為"兩者都不"，作主語時謂語動詞用單數。
例如：Neither of the boys is from England. 這兩個男孩都不是來自英國。
I know neither of them.他們兩個我都不認識。
7. found/ find
(1) find的意思是"找到、發現"，其過去式和過去分詞都是found.
I can't find my glasses.我找不著我的眼鏡了。He found it boring to sit here alone.他發現獨自坐在這里很沒勁。
(2) found是另外一個詞，與find并沒有關系，意思是"成立、建設"，常用作及物動詞。
The People's Republic of China was founded in 1949.中華人民共和國成立于1949年。
The school was founded by the local residents.這所學校是由當地居民修建的。
8. hear / hear of/ hear from
(1)hear的意思是"聽見；聽說，得知"，后面能接名詞、代詞或賓語從句。
例如： We heard the news just a moment ago.我剛聽說這個消息。Can you hear me? 能聽見我說話嗎？
(2) hear of的意思是"聽說"，一般指非直接的聽見，而是聽別人說的。后不能接賓語從句。例如：
I have never heard of her.我從未聽說過她。They heard of the film long time ago.他們很久以前就聽說過這部電影。
(3) hear from的意思是"收到來信"，與"聽"無關。例如：I often hear from him. 我經常收到他的來信。
He hasn't heard from his mother for a long time.他很久沒有收到媽媽的信了
9. send/ send for
(1) send意思是"送往，派遣"，還有"發信，寄信"的意思。例如：The company sent him to study abroad.公司派他到國外學習去了。Mr. Brown sent her children away.布郎夫人送走了孩子們。
(2) send for意思是"召喚；派人去取；派人去拿"，而非本人親自去。例如：They have sent for a repairman.他們已經派人去請了一名修理工。 She sent for some flowers.她派了人去買花。
10. get to/ arrive/ reach
(1) arrive后不能直接接地點，是一個不及物動詞。若表示到達一個相對大的地點，用arrive in ; 若表示相對小的地點，用arrive at .
The delegation will arrive in China at 5:00 p.m.代表團將于下午5:00到達北京。
It was dark when they arrived at the railway station.當他們到達火車站的時候，天已經黑了。
When did she arrive here last time? 她上次是什么時候到這兒的？（副詞前省略介詞）
(2) reach能直接接所到達的地點，是一個及物動詞。例如：They reached London on Friday.他們星期五到達了倫敦。The news on
ly reached me yesterday. 我于昨天才接到這個消息。reach還有"伸手去取，伸手觸及，聯絡"等意思。
Can you reach that apple on the tree? 你能夠到樹上的哪個蘋果嗎？
He can always be reached on the phone.可隨時打電話跟他聯系。
(3) get在表示"到達"時是不及物動詞，應與to搭配使用。
We often get to school on foot.我們經常步行到學校。
They got to the top of the hill at noon.他們于中午到達了山頂。
【考點掃描】
中考考點在本單元主要集中在：
1. 動詞被動語態的結構和用法；
2. 動詞不定式的功能和用法；
3. 本單元的詞匯、短語和句型；
4. 本單元學過的交際用語。
考試形式可以是單項填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年北京市中考試題)
Aunt Li often asks her son ________ too much meat. It’s bad for his health.
A. don’t eat B. not to eat C. not eat D. to not eat
【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是動詞不定式的構成和用法。這個句子的基本句型是ask sb. not to do sth. 這里，not to eat 是不定式的否定式做賓語補足語。
2. (2004年嘉興市中考試題)
China is becoming stronger and stronger, so Chinese ________ in more American schools now.
A. was taught B. is taught C. teaches D. taught
【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是動詞的語態和時態。Chinese 是一種語言，只能被人教，因此要用被動語態。又因為說的現在的情況，動詞要用一般現在時。所以選B。
3. (2004年河北省中考試題)
This painting ________ to a museum in New York in 1977.A. sells B. sold C. was sold D. is sold
【解析】答案：C。該題考查的是動詞的語態和時態。This painting只能被賣，所以用被動語態，又因為是1977年賣的，所以用一般過去時。
4. (2004年揚州市中考試題)
---If you ________ a new idea, please call me as soon as possible. ---Sure, I will.
A. keep up with B. catch up with C. feed up with D. come up with
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是短語動詞用法。本單元學習的短語動詞come up with a new idea意思是想出新主意，正符合題意。
初三年級（下）
【知識梳理】
I. 重點短語
1. beg on
e's pardon 2. multiply …by…
3. slow down
4. wear out
5. try on
6. make a decision,
7. a place of interest
8. make a mistake
9. drop off
10. think about
11. make up on
e's mind, 12. at all,
13. at least
14. by the time
15. carry on
16. never mind
17. from now on
18. come down
19. hands up
20. before long，
21. no on
e ，22. not…any longer
II. 重要句型
1. be busy doing sth.
2. prefer to do sth.
3. regard... as...
4. be pleased with sth./sb.
5. be angry with sb.
III. 交際用語
1. ---How much does… cost …?
2. ---It can cost as little as … yuan and as much as … yuan.
3. ---It costs ….
4. ---It's worth ….
5. ---I don't agree with ….
6. ---I wasn't sure whether….
7. ---I wonder if ….
8. ---What size …?
9. ---Have you got any other colour / size / kind?
10. ---Have you got anything cheaper?
11. ---How much are they?
12. ---How much does it cost?
13. ---How much is it?
14. ---That's a bit expensive.
15. ---Even though they're a little expensive, I'll take them.
16. ---I'll think about ….
17. ---I don't think I'll take ….
18. ---I like ….
19. ---I don't really like ….
20. ---Can I help you, girl?
21. ---Would you like me to look in the back?
22. ---We can find ….
23. ---Do you like being …?
24. ---Can I ask you some questions?
25. ---Sure.
26. ---It was great.
27. ---Wow!
28. ---Yeah!
29. ---Oh dear!
30. ---Hands up!
31. ---I’ll shoot anyone who moves.
32. ---There’s no need to thank me.
33. ---Can you remember anything else about him?
34. ---Come down, Polly!
35. ---There is a little traffic accident．
36. ---There's a big traffic jam.
37. ---Well, I'm sure he'll be here before long.
38. ---I'm beginning to get angry with him!
39.---Yes, we can't wait any longer. Let's go without him.
40. ---That's terrible!
41. ---That's a really bad excuse!
IV. 重要語法
1. 過去將來時
2. 過去完成時
3. 動詞不定式
4. 定語從句
【名師講解】
1. think/ think/about/ think of
(1) think 單獨使用時表示"思考"， 接that 賓語從句時意為"認為"，"覺得"。
I am thinking how to work out the problem. I think she is a good student.
當賓語從句含有否定概念時，通常形式上否定think ，但意義上卻是否定賓語從句。
I don't think he can come. I don't think it will be windy.
(2)think about 可接一個名詞，動詞-ing 形式或由疑問詞引導的不定式或賓語從句，意思是"考慮……"。
I have thought about it for a long time. Please think about how to tell her the bad news.
(3)think of 表示"認為"， 一般用于疑問句中，與what 連用。
What do you think of the TV play? = How do you like the TV play?
2. big/ large/ great
上述形容詞都表示"大"，但側重點及程度不同。
(1) big指具體事物的大小，強調比正常形體的標準大，既可用在普通場合， 也可用在正式場合。它可用來指人的身材高大或"長大了"，還可表示"偉大"，"重要"之意。如：
Can you lift up this big stone? On the last day I made a big decision.
(2) large特別強調遠遠超過標準的大，指體積、面積、容積、數量之大。如：
A whale is a large animal. A large crowd collected at the gate of the theatre.
(3) great除了表示數量體積之大外，又指抽象的程度，意味著偉大性，重要性， 優越性；常用于抽象
或無形的東西；用于有形的東西時，常帶有"偉大"，"大得令人吃驚"等意思，含有一定的感情色彩。如：
China is a great country with a long history. He was on
e of the greatest scientists. 3. cost/ take/ spend/ pay
(1) cost表示"花錢"，花費，付出（只能用于錢、精力、生命等；主語必須是物。）The book cost me five yuan.
(2) take的主語是動詞不定式, 通常用it做形式主語。It took me five yuan to buy the book..
(3) spend，在主動語句中主語是人I spent five yuan on (for) the book.或I spent five yuan (in) buying the book.
(4) pay的主語是人。I paid five yuan for the book.
4. expensive/ high/ cheap/ low
這四個詞在談論到價格的高低時，要注意使用。expensive與high涉及到價格"高"，而cheap 與low涉及到價格"低"。
(1) expensive昂貴的，花錢多的。這個單詞若談到"價格高，貨貴"時其主語不能是價格，必須是貨物、物品本身。如：This watch is expensive. 這只表很貴。These glass-products are not expensive. 這些玻璃制品不是很值錢。
注意：cheap表示"價廉"，"便宜的"，其主語也不能是價格，必須是物品本身。如：
The cheap table was bought from him. 這張便宜的桌子是他賣給我們的。
This cloth doll is very cheap. 這只布娃娃很便宜。
(2)high在表示價格時，含義是"高"，low在表示價格時，含義是"低"，這兩個詞不能用于物品本身，只
能用在價格上。如：The price of this watch is very high. 這只表的價格太高了。
The price of this book is not low for me. 這本書的價格對我來說是不低。
下面我們試看幾個句子的正誤對照：
The price of this computer is expensive.(宜改為：This computer is expensive. 或The price of this computer is high. )
The price of this pen is not cheap for him to buy.(宜改為：This pen is not cheap for him to buy. 或 The price of this pen is not low for him. )
5. alone/ lonely
lonely 與alone的意思比較接近，但在使用時有所區別：
(1)lonely用作形容詞，意思是"孤單的；寂寞的"。可指心靈上的寂寞，也可指偏僻的地點。在句中既可作表語，也可作定語。(2)alone 可作形容詞和副詞，意思是"單獨；獨自"，不指心理上寂寞的感覺。
She was taken to a lonely island, lived alone, but she never felt lonely.她被帶到一個荒島上，自己居住，但她從不感到寂寞。
6. before long/ long before
(1)before long 作“不久以后”講，切不要按字面譯為“長時間以前”或“好久以前”。如：
We hope to finish our experiment before long. 我們希望不久（以后）就把實驗做完。
(2)long before 作"很久以前"講。原意為"……以前很久"，故也可譯為"老早"。long before 跟before long
不同，前者在其后面可以接名詞或一個從句；當上下文明確時，名詞或從句還可以省略。Before long 則沒有上述搭配用法。They began the test yesterday, but we had made experiment long before. 我們昨天開始做實驗，但我們在那以前很久就已經做準備了。
7. as/ when/ while
(1)as 是連詞，意思是"當……的時候，一面……一面"，（強調同時，一般連續時間不長），如：
As we were talking about Titanic, our teacher came in. 正當我們談論"泰坦尼克號"這部電影時，教師進來了。
The students sing as they go along. 學生們邊走邊唱。
(2)When和as一樣都是連詞，注意它們的不同。如when"當……的時候"（一般表示動作緊接著發生）；
"那時"（等立連詞，前有逗號分開）I stayed till sunset, when it began to rain. 我一直呆到太陽下山，那時天開始下雨了。
(3)while是"當……時候；和……同時"（強調同時發生，一般連續時間較長）例如：While I was watching TV, he was reading. 當我在看電視的時候，他正在看書。While there is life, there is hope. 有生命就有希望。
8. beat/win/ hit
(1)beat 是動詞，意思是"連續地打; 打敗; 敲打"。beat后可接人或隊名。意思是"擊敗對手。"如：
I can beat you at swimming.
(2)win意思是"贏得某個項目"，后面常接"match, game"。如：He won a game. 他勝一局。We won a match. 我們比賽得勝。
(3)hit意思是"擊中"（有時可表示"打一下"）。如：The mother hit her child out of anger. 媽媽生氣，打了她孩子一下。
9. keep doing/keep on doing
(1)keep doing側重表示"持續不停地做某事"或"持續某種狀態"。如：The girl kept crying all the time. 那個女孩一直在哭。The baby kept sleeping about four hours. 這個嬰兒連續睡了大約四個小時。
(2)keep on doing 表示"總不斷做某事"，不表示靜止狀態。不能與sitting, sleeping, lying, standing這類
詞連用。如：It kept on raining for seven days. Don't keep on asking such silly questions.
10. get/ turn/ become
這三個詞都可作系動詞用，表示狀態的變化，后跟表語，但三個詞的用法稍有不同。get強調情感、氣候和環境的變化；turn強調色彩的變化；而become則強調職務、職稱等的變化。如：
The days are getting shorter and shorter in winter．冬天的白天越來越短。She couldn't answer the question and her face turned red．她回答不出問題，臉紅了。When did you become a teacher? - Ten years ago.你什么時候當的老師？十年前。
11. steal / rob
從意思上講steal表示偷竊的意思。而rob表示搶劫的意思；從搭配上來講，steal sth from sb/sth ;而rob則用rob sb/sth of sth; 例如：He stole money from the rich to give it to the poor.They robbed the bank of on
e million dollars. 12. see/look/watch/notice
在英語中，see，look，watch，notice都有“看”的意思，要注意他們的區別。
see意為“看到”，表示視覺器官有意識或無意識地看到物體，強調“看到”的結果。
look意為“看”，表示有意識地觀看，強調“看”的動作。
watch意為“觀看，注視”，指以較大的注意力觀看。
notice意為“看到，注意到”，指有意識的注意，含有從不注意到注意的變化的意義。例如：
What can you see in the picture？在圖畫中你能看到什么？
Look! How happily they are playing！看！他們玩得多高興啊！
He’s watched TV for over two hours．他看了兩個多小時的電視。
He noticed a purse lying on the road．他注意到地上有個錢包。
13. Shoot/ shoot at
shoot是及物動詞，意思是“射中，射死”，賓語多為人或動物等。而shoot at是一個動詞詞組，意為“向……射擊”，至于射中或射死與否不得而知。如：
The man shot five birds in the forest．那個人在森林里射死（中）了五只鳥。The hunter shot at the bear．獵人朝熊射擊了。They shot at the she－wolf， but didn't shoot her．他們向那只母狼射擊，但是沒有射中／死。
14. escape/ run away
(1)escape作“逃跑”、“逃脫”或“逃避”講時，往往會有成功之意。如：The old man escaped death．那個老人死里逃生。The thief escaped from prison．那個小偷越獄了。
(2)run away作“逃跑”、“跑走”講時，往往強調動作。如：Don't let him run away． 別讓他跑了。
口語中escape和run away可以互用。
15. so that..../ so... that....
(1) so that....為了，以便 。引導一個目的狀語從句，從句中往往有情態動詞。也可引導一個結果狀語從句。如：
I left at 5:00 so that I could catch the early bus. Speak loudly, so that they can hear what you say.
He didn't study English so that he lost a chance to work in a foreign company.
(2) so... that....既可引導一個結果狀語從句，也可引導一個目的狀語從句。
如：The classroom was so noisy that I could hardly study. I got up so early in the morning that I could catch the train.
【考點掃描】
中考考點在本單元主要集中在：
1. 過去將來時；
2. 過去完成時；
3. 動詞不定式；
4. 定語從句；
5. 本單元學過的詞匯、短語和句型；
6. 本單元學過的交際用語。
考試形式可以是單項填空、完型填空、短文填空和完成句子。
【中考范例】
1. (2004年濟寧市中考試題)
He wanted to know ______________.
A. whether he speaks at the meeting B. when the meeting would start
B. what he’s going to do at the meeting D. where would the meeting be held
【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是賓語從句的語序和時態。因為主句的時態是一般過去時，所以從句應用過去將來時，這就排除了A和B。賓語從句的時態應該是陳述句的語序，所以只有B是對的。
2. (2004年煙臺市中考試題)
---Why didn’t you go to the movie yesterday? ---Because I ___________ it before.
A. had watched B. have seen C. have watched D. had seen
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是動詞的搭配以及現在完成時和過去完成時的用法區別。看電影習慣商用see a movie, 又因為說的昨天以前發生的事情，應該用過去完成時。只有D正確。
3. (2004年重慶市中考試題)
---Did you win the football game?---Bad luck. Our team __________ in the final on
e. A. won B. beat C. was won D. was beaten
【解析】答案：D。該題考查的是動詞搭配和動詞的語態。動詞win通常和比賽一類的詞連用，不與人或隊連用，因此可以排除A和C。beat是個及物動詞，既然我們的運氣不好，就是輸了，應該用被動語態。
4. (2004年廣州市中考試題)
---Who is the man ________ was talking to our English teacher? ---Oh! It’s Mr Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
【解析】答案：B。該題考查的是引導定語從句關系代詞的選擇。由于先行詞是人，可以排除A和D。而該詞在定語從句中作主語，只有B合適。
