糖尿病黃斑水腫的發病機制及治療進展
糖尿病黃斑水腫(diabetic macular edema,DME)是視力受損的主要原因之一。其發病機制推測是視網膜內、外屏障的破壞以及細胞因子的作用。激光光凝和玻璃體切割術是有效的治療方法,目前采取應用碳酸酐酶抑制劑、玻璃體腔注射糖皮質激素等治療措施,但仍需進一步觀察研究。
【關鍵詞】
Treatment progress and pathogenesy in diabetic macular edema
Wei Wang,Li Wan,JiJia Zhou, PinZheng Liao
Department of Ophthalmology,the Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075,Sichuan Province,China
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema is is one of the main reasons for the visually impaired. Their pathogenesis maybe is the interior or external shield destruction of retinal and cytokine role. Laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy is the practical treatment methods.The therapeutic measures such as the use of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and glucocorticosteroid inject into the vitreous cavity has widespreadly used,which need to investigate further more.
KEYWORDS:diabetes mellitus; diabetic macular edema/pathogenesy and treatment; laser photocoagulation; vitrectomy
引言
糖尿病黃斑水腫(diabetic macular edema,DME)是引起糖尿病(diabetes mellitus,DM)患者失明的主要原因之一,其發生主要與病程長、高血壓、使用胰島素、高糖化血紅蛋白和蛋白尿有關[1],病程超過20a的DM患者28% 以上發生黃斑水腫。我國目前的DM患者數量不斷增加,因此DME在現在和將來都是視力受損的主要原因之一。本文就其發病機制和治療進展綜述如下。
1糖尿病黃斑水腫的發病機制
1.1血視網膜屏障破壞
1.1.1致血管滲漏因子的表達
1.1.2炎癥細胞因子作用
2血液動力學作用
Stefansson等[6]首次應用Starling理論解釋了DME的形成原因:在DM狀態下視網膜組織缺氧,血管發生自身調節性擴張,動脈擴張,動脈壓下降使靜脈和毛細血管內靜水壓增加,導致血液成分滲出。另外,在DM狀態下,視網膜血管周細胞發生凋亡,血管自身收縮和舒張調節功能受損,這也使毛細血管血壓難以維持穩定,視網膜細胞外液的異常積聚導致黃斑水腫。
3治療的主要進展
3.1激光治療
3.2手術治療
3.3藥物治療
臨床上其他一些方法的使用,也為醫生提供了參考和更廣泛的選擇。生長激素抑制素類似物善得定可安全與有效的治療DME[25]。另有一種大環內酯抗生素類免疫抑制劑西羅莫司可以下調DM患者眼中的缺氧誘導因子1α(HIF1α),從而有效抑制VEGF介導的通透性[26]。Gupta等 [27]研究認為阿伐他汀能減少滲出和脂類物質的移動,可作為臨床治療DME的附加治療。中藥鹽酸川芎嗪可有效促進黃斑水腫吸收,縮短療程,提高視力。蛋白激酶C是參與多種生長因子、激素、神經遞質和細胞因子反應的信息分子,它可以有效的阻止高血糖導致的血管損傷,在增長性DR和黃斑水腫的發展過程中發揮重要的作用[28]。另有研究通過補氧增加視網膜氧供,減輕黃斑水腫, 當黃斑厚度下降到一定程度時, 激光光凝作用就能更好地體現[29]。
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