下圖是Struts的工作流程，前邊我們提到，所有的請求都提交給ActionServlet來處理。
ActionServlet是一個FrontController，它是一個標準的Servlet，它將request轉發給RequestProcessor來處理，
ActionMapping是ActionConfig的子類，實質上是對struts-config.xml的一個映射，從中可以取得所有的配置信息
RequestProcessor根據提交過來的url，如*.do，從ActionMapping 中得到相應的ActionForn和Action。
然后將request的參數對應到ActionForm中，進行form驗證。
如果驗證通過則調用Action的execute()方法來執行Action，最終返回ActionFoward。
ActionFoward是對mapping中一個foward的包裝，對應于一個url
ActionForm使用了ViewHelper模式，是對HTML中form的一個封裝。
其中包含有validate方法，用于驗證form數據的有效性。ActionForm是一個符合JavaBean規范的類，所有的屬性都應滿足get和set對應。
對于一些復雜的系統，還可以采用DynaActionForm來構造動態的Form，即通過預制參數來生成Form。這樣可以更靈活的擴展程序。
ActionErrors是對錯誤信息的包裝，一旦在執行action或者form.validate中出現異常，即可產生一個ActionError并最終加入到ActionErrors。
在Form驗證的過程中，如果有Error發生，則會將頁面重新導向至輸入頁，并提示錯誤。
Action是用于執行業務邏輯的RequsestHandler。每個Action都只建立一個instance。
Action不是線程安全的，所以不應該在Action中訪問特定資源。一般來說，應改使用 Business Delegate 模式來對Business tier進行訪問以解除耦合。
Struts提供了多種Action供選擇使用。普通的Action只能通過調用execute執行一項任務，而DispatchAction可以根據配置參數執行，而不是僅進入execute()函數，這樣可以執行多種任務。如insert,update等。LookupDispatchAction可以根據提交表單按鈕的名稱來執行函數。
我們可以先回到剛才的例子，理解一下Struts的流程。
下面我們看Struts自帶的example實例：
說明：實例二是Struts自帶的example程序, 實現了登錄，注冊，修改功能。
代碼中大量應用了struts taglib，并且采用validator插件進行form的驗證。
但是代碼樹立了一個不好的榜樣，即把大量的業務邏輯寫在了action中。
部分代碼如下：
登錄：logon.jsp ＜%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %＞ // 聲明Taglib
＜%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-bean.tld" prefix="bean" %＞
＜%@ taglib uri="/WEB-INF/struts-html.tld" prefix="html" %＞
＜html:html locale="true"＞＜head＞ // bean是用來從ApplicationResource中讀取i18n信息
＜title＞＜bean:message key="logon.title"/＞＜/title＞
＜html:base/＞＜/head＞＜body bgcolor="white"＞ // 錯誤信息部分
＜html:errors/＞ // 登錄form,action為logion.do
＜html:form action="/logon" focus="username" onsubmit="return validateLogonForm(this);"＞
＜table border="0" width="100%"＞
＜tr＞
＜th align="right"＞＜bean:message key="prompt.username"/＞: ＜/th＞
＜td align="left"＞<html:text property="username" size="16" maxlength="18"/＞ ＜/td＞
＜/tr＞
＜tr＞
＜th align="right"＞ ＜bean:message key="prompt.password" bundle="alternate"/＞: ＜/th＞
＜td align="left"＞ ＜html:password property="password" size="16" maxlength="18" redisplay="false"/＞ ＜/td＞
＜/tr＞
＜tr＞
＜td align="right"＞ ＜html:submit value="Submit"/＞ ＜/td＞
＜td align="left"＞ ＜html:reset/＞ ＜/td＞
＜/tr＞
＜/table＞
＜/html:form＞ // Validator插件,用于form驗證
＜html:javascript formName="logonForm" dynamicJavascript="true" staticJavascript="false"/＞
＜script language="Javascript1.1" src="staticJavascript.jsp"＞＜/script＞
＜/body＞＜/html:html＞
struts-config.xml配置 ＜form-beans＞ ＜!-- Logon form bean --＞
＜form-bean name="logonForm" type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm"＞
＜form-property name="username" type="java.lang.String"/＞
＜form-property name="password" type="java.lang.String"/＞ ＜/form-bean＞
＜!-- Subscription form bean --＞
＜form-bean name="subscriptionForm"type="org.apache.struts.webapp.example.SubscriptionForm"/＞ ＜/form-beans＞
＜action-mappings＞ ＜!-- Edit mail subscription --＞
＜action path="/editSubscription" type="org.apache.struts.webapp.example.EditSubscriptionAction" attribute="subscriptionForm" scope="request" validate="false"＞
＜forward name="failure" path="/mainMenu.jsp"/＞ ＜forward name="success" path="/subscription.jsp"/＞ ＜/action＞ ...
subscriptionForm 是一個標準的ActionForm,其中reset方法用于清除form的值,validate方法用于驗證
public final class SubscriptionForm extends ActionForm { // The maintenance action we are performing (Create or Edit).
private String action = "Create"; // Should we auto-connect at startup time?
private boolean autoConnect = false; // The host name.
private String host = null;
private String password = null;
private String type = null;
private String username = null;
public String getAction() { return (this.action); }
public void setAction(String action) { this.action = action; }
public boolean getAutoConnect() { return (this.autoConnect); }
public void setAutoConnect(boolean autoConnect) { this.autoConnect = autoConnect; }
public String getHost() { return (this.host); }
public void setHost(String host) { this.host = host; }
public String getPassword() { return (this.password); }
public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; }
public String getType() { return (this.type); }
public void setType(String type) { this.type = type; }
public String getUsername() { return (this.username); }
public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; }
/** * Reset all properties to their default values.
* * @param mapping The mapping used to select this instance
* @param request The servlet request we are processing */
public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {
this.action = "Create";
this.autoConnect = false;
this.host = null;
this.password = null;
this.type = null;
this.username = null;
}
/** * Validate the properties that have been set from this HTTP request, * and return an
＜code＞ActionErrors＜/code＞
object that encapsulates any * validation errors that have been found. If no errors are found, return *
＜code＞null＜/code＞
or an ＜code＞ActionErrors＜/code＞ object with no * recorded error messages. * * @param mapping The mapping used to select this instance * @param request The servlet request we are processing */
public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); if ((host == null) || (host.length() ＜ 1)) errors.add("host", new ActionError("error.host.required")); if ((username == null) || (username.length() ＜ 1)) errors.add("username", new ActionError("error.username.required")); if ((password == null) || (password.length() ＜ 1)) errors.add("password", new ActionError("error.password.required")); if ((type == null) || (type.length() ＜ 1)) errors.add("type", new ActionError("error.type.required")); else if (!"imap".equals(type) && !"pop3".equals(type)) errors.add("type",new ActionError("error.type.invalid", type)); return (errors); } } logonAction public final class LogonAction extends Action { /** * Process the specified HTTP request, and create the corresponding HTTP * response (or forward to another web component that will create it). * Return an ＜code＞ActionForward＜/code＞ instance describing where and how * control should be forwarded, or ＜code＞null＜/code＞ if the response has * already been completed. * * @param mapping The ActionMapping used to select this instance * @param form The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if any) * @param request The HTTP request we are processing * @param response The HTTP response we are creating * * @exception Exception if business logic throws an exception */ public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { // Extract attributes we will need Locale locale = getLocale(request); MessageResources messages = getResources(request); User user = null; // Validate the request parameters specified by the user ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors(); String username = (String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "username"); String password = (String) PropertyUtils.getSimpleProperty(form, "password"); UserDatabase database = (UserDatabase) servlet.getServletContext().getAttribute(Constants.DATABASE_KEY); if (database == null) errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("error.database.missing")); else { user = getUser(database, username); if ((user != null) && !user.getPassword().equals(password)) user = null; if (user == null) errors.add(ActionErrors.GLOBAL_ERROR, new ActionError("error.password.mismatch")); } // Report any errors we have discovered back to the original form if (!errors.isEmpty()) { saveErrors(request, errors); return (mapping.getInputForward()); } // Save our logged-in user in the session HttpSession session = request.getSession(); session.setAttribute(Constants.USER_KEY, user); if (log.isDebugEnabled()) { log.debug("LogonAction: User ‘" + user.getUsername() + "‘ logged on in session " + session.getId()); } // Remove the obsolete form bean if (mapping.getAttribute() != null) { if ("request".equals(mapping.getScope())) request.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute()); else session.removeAttribute(mapping.getAttribute()); } // Forward control to the specified success URI return (mapping.findForward("success")); } /** * Look up the user, throwing an exception to simulate business logic * rule exceptions. * * @param database Database in which to look up the user * @param username Username specified on the logon form * * @exception ModuleException if a business logic rule is violated */ public User getUser(UserDatabase database, String username) throws ModuleException { // Force an ArithmeticException which can be handled explicitly if ("arithmetic".equals(username)) { throw new ArithmeticException(); } // Force an application-specific exception which can be handled if ("expired".equals(username)) { throw new ExpiredPasswordException(username); } // Look up and return the specified user return ((User) database.findUser(username)); } }
