陳講運清潔能源
原創
2023-3-24 08:34 · 來自北京
為什么在太陽能電池板下種植作物是我們實現多個可持續發展目標所需的跨部門協同解決方案
長期以來，阻礙農業集約化的主要因素之一是其日照要求。用于農業的土地不能同時用于任何形式的垂直開發，因為光合作用- 地球上最豐富的化學反應，依賴于陽光。
另一個行業也面臨同樣的問題——太陽能。對土地面積的奉獻是一個主要問題。盡管與植物不同，太陽能電池板不斷發展以提高效率，但進展速度似乎還不夠快，無法在我們這一代人的一生中實現巨變。提供無障礙表面以攔截陽光是主要考慮因素。
然而，正如最近的研究表明的那樣，將兩者結合起來并不是一個壞主意。氣培法，將小植物垂直堆疊在配備根滴噴霧器的架子上，以節省水和土地使用，已經在利用幾種植物物種的能力，特別是蔬菜在陰涼或間接和備用照明下茁壯成長的能力。最初，太陽能電池板提供的涼爽陰影被認為僅適用于真菌栽培。遮蔭有利于各種植物，研究仍在進行中。這是一個不穩定的領域，有些品種甚至不努力應對陰影，這對它們有利，引起更高的二氧化碳吸收。
由亞利桑那大學格雷格·巴倫-加福德（Greg Barron-Gafford）領導的一項研究于2019年9月發表在《自然可持續性》雜志上，發現光伏板的遮陽提供了多種附加和協同效益。其中包括提高糧食產量，減少植物干旱脅迫以及減少太陽能電池板熱應激。整個研究工作涉及對各種內部和環境參數的嚴格監測 - 小氣候條件，面板溫度，吸水率，土壤濕度，植物生態生理功能和植物生物質生產。研究人員預計，鑒于預測的氣候現象如持續變暖，急性熱浪和不穩定的干旱，其已經巨大的效用在不久的將來將急劇上升。
面板提供的陰影降低了土壤表面溫度和蒸發，植被將通過保持面板涼爽來互惠。太陽能光伏電池板在高溫下效率開始下降，因此植被的存在有利于它們的產量。面板的覆蓋不僅在白天提供冷卻，而且有助于在夜間保持相當大的熱量。在試驗的三種植物中，兩種顯示出二氧化碳吸收量大幅增加以及糧食產量大幅增加。與此同時，第三家工廠的用水效率略有下降，但仍然大大提高了用水效率。這意味著需要進行廣泛的試驗來探索作物喜歡哪種植物的陰涼，或者對提供這些變化的潛在機制進行細致的調查，以有效地實施該計劃。然而，總的來說，結果非常有希望。
某些作物和太陽能光伏裝置的這種空間一體化安排，也稱為“農業光伏”，可以將農田變成自力更生的實體，減輕碳足跡和水足跡，并大大提高第三世界的農村生活水平。將這一創新與滴灌相結合將進一步提高其用水效率。
干旱和半干旱地區的農業光伏裝置有可能遏制荒漠化。植物不僅可以冷卻和保持水分，還可以作為防止土壤侵蝕和空氣中灰塵的屏障，后者對太陽能電池板的效率構成嚴重損害。此外，這些面板還會阻止風蝕，并通過破壞降水流動，水侵蝕。事實上，農業光伏發電可能有助于恢復某些不適合耕種的土地。屋頂農業光伏發電還可以幫助城市基礎設施實現可持續發展，幫助家庭和宅基地方便地消除其碳足跡和能源足跡。在熱帶地區，好處是三管齊下的——高日照將導致更高的能量產量，植物防止過熱進一步提高，可以種植多種植物，整個設置僅憑借其屋頂覆蓋率就可以在夏季提供隔熱。在干旱地區，整個設置可以與雨水收集系統集成，屋頂蓋板將提供顯著的溫度調節 - 涼爽的白天和溫暖的夜晚。
最好的部分是此類安裝可以自動化 - 這更像是一次性投資。由傳感器和簡單的機器人執行器組成的物聯網網絡，即溫度和濕度傳感器、簡單的重復面板清潔器和定時澆水機制，可以使裝置幾乎完全獨立于人為干預，即使對于家庭單元也是如此。對于大型裝置，農業綜合企業或其他，機器學習可以實現廣泛的自動化，自適應優化和產量最大化 - 例如通過傾斜和轉動面板以調整太陽的運動，或根據即時需求協調或重新調整工廠和面板的需求。持續的監測和有遠見的規劃可以同時實現短期和長期目標。
農業光伏可能只是一種救贖性的合作，它將把人類從不分青紅皂白的競爭的惡意追求中拯救出來。這種適應性強的整體解決方案不僅有可能使經濟追求總體上可持續，而且還有助于實現個人自給自足和能源獨立。編譯 陳講運
作者：Pitamber Kaushik，專欄作家、記者、作家和研究員。
One of the primary deterrents to the intensification ofagriculturehas long been its requirement of insolation. Land put to agricultural use could not be simultaneously devoted to any kind of vertical development, given the dependence of photosynthesis – the Earth’s most abundant chemical reaction, upon sunlight.
Another sector faces the same problem – Solar Energy. Devotion of land area is a major concern. Although unlike plants, solar panels constantly evolve to become more efficient, the progress rate does not seem fast enough to realise sea-change within our generation’s lifetime. Provision of an unobstructed surface to intercept the sunlight is the primary consideration.
However, combining the two is not a bad idea, as recent research has shown. Aeroponics, the vertical stacking of small plants on racks equipped with root drip sprayers, to save water and land use, is already exploiting the ability of several plant species, particularly vegetables to thrive under shade or indirect and spare illumination. Initially, the cool shade provided by Solar Panels was deemed to be appropriate only for fungiculture. Shade is conducive to various kinds of plants, and studies are still ongoing. It’s a precarious territory and some varieties don’t even struggle to cope with shade, it is conducive to them, eliciting higherCO2uptake.
Aresearch studyled by the University ofArizona’s Greg Barron-Gafford, published inNature sustainabilityin September 2019, found out that shading by Photovoltaic panels provides multiple additive and synergistic benefits. These included, amongst others, greater food production, a reduction in the plant drought stress, and a drop in the solar panel heat stress. The entire research exercise involved rigorous monitoring of various internal and ambient parameters – microclimatic conditions, panel temperature, water uptake, soil moisture, plant ecophysiological function, and phytobiomass production. The researchers foresee a steep rise in its already immense utility in the near future, in light of predicted climate phenomena as persistent warming, acute heat waves, and precarious droughts.
The shade provided by the panels lowers soil surface temperature and evaporation, and the vegetation would reciprocate by keeping the panels cool. Solar PV Panels begin to wane in efficiency at high temperatures, hence the vegetation presence is conducive to their yield. Coverage by the panels not only provides cooling during daytime but helps retain considerable heat in the night. Of the three types of plants experimented upon, two showed a high increase in CO2 uptake as well as an immense rise in food production. Meanwhile, the third plant showed marginal decreases therein, but nonetheless considerably improved its water-efficiency. This implies that extensive trials to probe what crop plants prefer shade, or a meticulous investigation into the underlying mechanisms affording the changes is appropriated to fruitfully implement the scheme. However, overall, the results were extremely promising.
Such spatially integrated arrangements of certain crops and Solar Photovoltaic installations, also known as “Agrivoltaics” can turn farmlands into self-reliant entities, alleviate carbon and waterfootprints, and vastly improve rural living standards in the third world. Combining this innovation with drip irrigation would further enhance its water-efficiency.
Agrivoltaic installations in arid and semi-arid regions has the potential to checkdesertification. Plants not only serve to cool and retain moisture but also act as a shield against soil erosion and airborne dust, the latter of which poses a serious detriment to the efficiency of Solar Panels. Moreover, the panels would also hinder wind erosion and by breaking the flow of precipitation, water erosion as well. In fact, agrivoltaics may help recover certain tracts of land which were rendered unfit for cultivation. Rooftop agrivoltaics can also help urban infrastructure become sustainable, and households and homesteads to conveniently negate their carbon and energy footprint. In tropical areas, the benefits are three-pronged – high insolation would lead to higher energy yields further boosted by the overheating the plants prevent, a great diversity of plants can be grown, and the entire setup by simple virtue of its roof coverage would afford heat-shielding in Summers. In arid areas, the entire setup can be integrated with a rainwater harvesting system, and the roof cover would offer significant temperature moderation – cooler days and warmer nights.
The best part is that such installations can be automated – it is more of a one-time investment. An IoT-enabled network comprising of sensors and simple robotic actuators viz. temperature and moisture sensors, simple repetitive panel cleaners, and timed watering mechanisms can render the installations near-completely independent of human intervention, even for household units. For large installations, agro-business or otherwise,Machine Learningcan enable extensive automation, adaptive optimisation and yield maximisation – say by tilting and turning the panels to tune in to the motion of the Sun or reconcile or readjust the plant’s and the panel’s needs according to the immediate requirement. Constant monitoring and foresighted planning can enable the satiation of both short-term and long-term goals.
Agrivoltaics might just be the redemptive cooperation that would salvage humanity from the ill-thought pursuit of indiscriminate competition. This adaptable, integral solution has the potential to not only make economic pursuits sustainable in general but also help achieve individual self-sufficiency and energy independence.
By Pitamber Kaushik, columnist, journalist, writer and researcher.
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