Spanking Is Ineffective and Harmful to Children,
Pediatricians’ Group Says
美國兒科醫(yī)生組織稱，
打孩子沒用，還會傷害孩子
Nov. 5, 2018︱By Christina Caron
Parents should not spank their children, the American Academy of Pediatrics said on Monday in its most strongly worded policy statement warning against the harmful effects of corporal punishment in the home.
父母不應該打孩子，美國兒科學會周一在其政策聲明中以最強烈的措辭，警告家庭中體罰會造成有害影響。
corporal punishment：體罰
The group, which represents about 67,000 doctors, also recommended that pediatricians advise parents against the use of spanking, which it defined as “noninjurious, openhanded hitting with the intention of modifying child behavior,” and said to avoid using nonphysical punishment that is humiliating, scary or threatening.
這一代表著大約67000名醫(yī)生的組織還提出，兒科醫(yī)生建議家長不要打孩子，并將打孩子定義為“以改變孩子行為為目的的、無傷害性的、徒手擊打行為”，并說要避免使用帶有侮辱性的、恐嚇或威脅的非體罰方式。
noninjurious：非傷害性的
spanking：用手打孩子
openhanded：徒手
“One of the most important relationships we all have is the relationship between ourselves and our parents, and it makes sense to eliminate or limit fear and violence in that loving relationship,” said Dr. Robert D. Sege, a pediatrician at Tufts Medical Center and the Floating Hospital for Children in Boston, and one of the authors of the statement.
塔夫茨(Tufts)醫(yī)學中心和波士頓兒童漂浮醫(yī)院的兒科醫(yī)生Robert D. Sege博士說：“對于我們來說最重要的人際關系之一就是我們與父母之間的關系，消除或減少這種愛的關系中的恐懼和暴力，是明智的。”他也是該聲明的作者之一。
The academy’s new policy, which will be published in the December issue of the journal Pediatrics, updates 20-year-old guidance on discipline that recommended parents be “encouraged” not to spank. The organization’s latest statement stems from a body of research that was unavailable two decades ago.
該學會的新政策即將發(fā)表在12月的《兒科學》期刊上，這將是長達20年的行為管教指南的最新版本， “鼓勵” 家長不要用手打孩子。該組織的這項最新聲明是出自于一個研究機構，而這個機構20年前還沒有成立。
stem from：源于
A 2016 analysis of multiple studies, for example, found that children do not benefit from spanking.
例如，針對2016年的多項研究的分析發(fā)現(xiàn)，被打屁股對孩子們來說并不管用。
“Certainly you can get a child’s attention, but it’s not an effective strategy to teach right from wrong,” Dr. Sege said.
Sege博士說：“當然，你會引起孩子的注意，但是想教給孩子區(qū)分對與錯，這并不是一個有效的方法。”
Recent studies have also shown that corporal punishment is associated with increased aggression and makes it more likely that children will be defiant in the future. Spanking alone is associated with outcomes similar to those of children who experience physical abuse, the new academy statement says.
最近的研究還表明，體罰與更進一步的攻擊性相關聯(lián)，且增加兒童在未來的挑釁性。新的學會聲明說，單純是用手打孩子所造成的結果，就與那些經(jīng)歷身體虐待的兒童的表現(xiàn)很相似了。
aggression ：攻擊，進攻
defiant：挑釁的；大膽的。
There are potential ramifications to the brain as well: A 2009 study of 23 young adults who had repeated exposure to harsh corporal punishment found reduced gray matter volume in an area of the prefrontal cortex that is believed to play a crucial role in social cognition. Those exposed to harsh punishment also had a lower performance I.Q. than that of a control group.
打孩子對大腦也有潛在的影響： 2009年一項對23名反復受到嚴厲體罰的年輕人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，前額皮質區(qū)域灰質組織減少，而前額皮質被認為在社會認知中起著關鍵作用。那些遭受嚴厲懲罰的人也比對照組表現(xiàn)出更低的智商。
ramification：衍生物，結果;
prefrontal cortex：前額皮質
Although the study was small in scope, it can help provide a biological basis for other observations about corporal punishment, Dr. Sege said.
雖然研究的范圍不大，但它為研究體罰的其他的觀察提供了一個生物學基礎，Sege博士說。
So what is the best way to discipline children? That largely depends on the age and temperament of the child, experts say.
那么，什么是管教孩子的最好方法呢？專家說，這在很大程度上取決于孩子的年齡和性格。
temperament：性格；性情；氣質。
Effective discipline involves practicing empathy and “understanding how to treat your child in different stages in development to teach them how to cool down when things do get explosive,” said Dr. Vincent J. Palusci, a child abuse pediatrician at Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at N.Y.U. Langone.
紐約大學朗貢分校漢森福德兒童醫(yī)院的兒童虐待兒科醫(yī)生Vincent J. Palusci博士說，有效的管教包括移情練習，和“在事情發(fā)展的不同階段該如何對待他們，并教他們當事態(tài)確實將要爆發(fā)時，應如何保持冷靜”。
empathy：移情；共鳴；感同身受。
The number of parents who spank their children has been on the decline. A 2013 Harris Poll of 2,286 adults surveyed online found 67 percent of parents said they had spanked their children and 33 percent had not. In 1995, however, 80 percent of parents said they had spanked their children while 19 percent said they had not.
打孩子的父母的數(shù)量在下降。2013年哈里斯民意測驗中的一項針對2286名成年人的在線調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，67%的父母說他們打過孩子，33%沒有。然而，在1995，80%的父母說他們打過他們的孩子，而19%的父母說他們沒有。
Attitudes about spanking are also changing. Although seven in 10 adults in the United States agreed a “good, hard spanking is sometimes necessary to discipline a child,” according to the 2014 General Social Survey, spanking has become less popular over time.
對打孩子的態(tài)度也在改變。盡管美國成年人十個人當中有七個同意“為了管教孩子，嚴厲地、狠狠地打一頓，有時是必要的”，但根據(jù)2014年的綜合社會調查，隨著時間推移，打孩子的越來越少了。
A recent survey of 1,500 pediatricians in the United States found that 74 percent did not approve of spanking and 78 percent thought spanking never or seldom improved children’s behavior.
最近一項對美國1500名兒科醫(yī)生的調查發(fā)現(xiàn)，74%的兒科醫(yī)生不贊成打孩子，78%的兒科醫(yī)生認為打孩子從來、或基本上不能改善兒童的行為。
It’s a different situation among legislators and school administrators. Although corporal punishment in public schools is not permitted in 31 states and the District of Columbia, there are 19 states, mainly in the South, that either allow the practice or do not have specific rules prohibiting it.
立法者和學校管理者之間的情況有所不同。盡管在美國31個州和哥倫比亞特區(qū)不允許在公立學校實施體罰，但是還有19個州，主要是在南方，要么允許體罰，要么沒有禁止體罰的具體規(guī)定。
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