定語從句
定語從句(Attributive Clause)，又稱關(guān)系從句(Relative Clause)，是由關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)的分句結(jié)構(gòu)，有限制性和非限制性之分，在句子中起定語作用修飾一個(gè)名詞或者代詞，有時(shí)也可以修飾一個(gè)句子。被定語從句修飾的詞稱作先行詞，定語從句通常位于先行詞之后。由于在句子中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，所以定語從句又可稱為形容詞性從句，與名詞性從句相對(duì)應(yīng)。
定語從句是英語中從句部分的一大重點(diǎn)，雖然有些繁雜，但也比較容易掌握。本講義將從定語從句的連接詞入手，詳細(xì)介紹兩類定語從句，及其在應(yīng)用中的注意事項(xiàng)，幫助您抓住細(xì)微的語法點(diǎn)，徹底掌握定語從句。
第一節(jié)
定語可以由形容詞、名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、分詞、副詞、不定式以及介詞短語等來擔(dān)任，也可以由一個(gè)句子來擔(dān)任。擔(dān)任定語功能的句子稱為定語從句。定語從句在劇中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞，故又稱為形容詞性從句。
定語從句修飾的詞叫先行詞；定語從句一般用關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞來引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系詞放在先行詞與定語從句之間起連接作用，同時(shí)又作從句中的一個(gè)成分。
Do you know the girl who is dancing on the stage? 你認(rèn)識(shí)正在臺(tái)上跳舞的那個(gè)姑娘嗎？(the girl為先行詞，who為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾the girl)
This is the museum which was built last year. 這就是去年建的博物館。(the museum為先行詞，which為關(guān)系代詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾the museum)
I’ll forever cherish the days when I studied in the college. 我將永遠(yuǎn)珍惜我在大學(xué)學(xué)習(xí)的日子。（the days為先行詞，when為關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾the days）
Let’s find a place where we can have a rest. 咱們找一個(gè)能休息的地方。(a place為先行詞，where為關(guān)系副詞，引導(dǎo)定語從句修飾a place)
引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞有that, who, whom, whose, which等；關(guān)系副詞有：when, where, why等。具體如下表所示：
關(guān)系詞 | 詞形 | 所修飾的先行詞 | 在從句中所作的成分 |
關(guān)系代詞 | who | 人 | 主語、賓語、表語 |
whom | 人 | 賓語 | |
which | 物 | 主語、賓語、表語 | |
that | 人或物 | 主語、賓語、表語 | |
whose | 人或物 | 定語 | |
關(guān)系副詞 | when | 時(shí)間名詞 | 時(shí)間狀語 |
where | 地點(diǎn)名詞 | 地點(diǎn)狀語 | |
why | 原因名詞 | 原因狀語 |
1
關(guān)系代詞指代的是先行詞，在定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。作賓語時(shí)，可以省略；如果關(guān)系代詞作介詞的并與且介詞提到關(guān)系代詞的前面時(shí)，關(guān)系代詞不能省略。
1.1
二者都用于指人。Who在定語從句中作主語、賓語，whom在定語從句中作賓語。who用于代替“表示人的意義”的先行詞，并且在從句中作主語；在現(xiàn)代英語里，也可取代whom在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語。
He is the man who picked up my purse yesterday.他就是昨天見到我錢包的那個(gè)男子。
Some people who are successful language learners often fail in other fields. 有些在語言學(xué)習(xí)上很有成就的人，在其他領(lǐng)域常常一無所成。
I happened to meet the scientist (who/ whom) I got to know at a conference in shopping center yesterday. 昨天在購(gòu)物中心，我碰巧遇見了在一次會(huì)議上認(rèn)識(shí)的那位科學(xué)家。
注意：在從句中作介詞的賓語，且直接跟在介詞后面的關(guān)系代詞，只能用whom，不能與who通用。
Yesterday I came cross a few friends with whom I went to the supermarket. 劇中的關(guān)系代詞whom代替a few friends，在從句中作介詞with的賓語，而且介詞with提到關(guān)系代詞的前面，所以只能用whom。
1.2
whose一般指人，但有時(shí)也指物。在定語從句中作定語。
A child whose parents are dead is called orphan. 失去雙親的孩子被叫做孤兒。
Do you know the girl whose French is excellent? 你認(rèn)識(shí)那個(gè)法語非常好的姑娘嗎？
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.
那人的車壞了，大家都跑過去幫忙。
Please pass me the book whose cover is green. 請(qǐng)遞給我那本綠皮的書。(= Please pass me the book the cover of which is green.)
1.3
which一般指物，在定語從句中作主語、賓語，偶爾作定語。which在指人時(shí)往往指嬰兒或指人的品質(zhì)。
The train which has just left is for Xi’an. 剛剛開走的火車是駛往西安的。
This is the book (which) you need for the exam. 這正是這次考試你所需要的書。
The river which runs through the village brings us lots of pleasures.
穿過村莊的那條河給我們帶來很多歡樂。
1.4
that用于指人或物。指人時(shí)可與who, whom互換，指物時(shí)可與which互換。在從句中可作主語或賓語，還可作表語。作介詞賓語時(shí)，介詞不可提到that之前，此時(shí)用which或whom等其他詞代替。
The sick man (that/ who/ whom) Mary is looking after is her father.
瑪麗正在照顧的病人是她的父親。
Views that/ which are entirely new or foreign may also be hard to accept.
那些全新的或是來自國(guó)外的觀點(diǎn)也可能很難被接受。
Can you lend me the novel which/ that you talked about the other day?
你可以把前幾天你說的那本小說借給我嗎？
1.5
as引導(dǎo)定語從句主要用于兩種結(jié)構(gòu)，一種是用于as we all know類句型中，一種是用于such … as…，the same… as… 等固定結(jié)構(gòu)中。
1.5.1
as引導(dǎo)這些句子可以看做定語從句，as在這些定語從句中作主語、賓語、表語等。
He is a great hero, as is described in the report.
正如在報(bào)道中描述的那樣，他是一個(gè)偉大的英雄。（as在定語從句中作主語）
Jim works hard and is willing to help others, as we all know.
我們都知道，吉姆工作努力又樂于助人。（as在定語從句中作know的賓語）
The boy has made much progress, as we had expected.
如我們所愿，這個(gè)男孩已經(jīng)取得了很大進(jìn)步。（as在定語從句中作expected的賓語）
Things are not the same as they used to be.
事情和以前不一樣了。（as在定語從句中作表語）
注意：as在此類定語從句中含有“正如”的意思，這類定語從句也可以放在句首、句中，放于句首時(shí)，更像是狀語從句。
As we all know, she can speak three foreign languages.
= She can speak three foreign languages, as we all know.
= She, as we all know, can speak three foreign languages.
正如我們都知道的那樣，她會(huì)說三門外語。
1.5.2
as引導(dǎo)定語從句常出現(xiàn)于such… as…，the same… as…，as… as…，so… as…中。
as引導(dǎo)的定語從句常用省略形式。在從句中既可指人、物，也可指整個(gè)句子。
You can take as many candies as you want.
你想要多少糖果就拿多少。（第二個(gè)as在定語從句中作want的賓語）
We haven’t so much food as you need.
我們沒有你需要的那么多食物了。（as在定語從句中作need的賓語）
Jeffrey is not such a diligent student as you think.
杰弗里不是你認(rèn)為的那樣勤奮的學(xué)生。（as在定語從句中作think的賓語）
Such people as have made great contributions to the world should be greatly respected.
那些對(duì)世界做出巨大貢獻(xiàn)的人應(yīng)受到極大的尊重（as在定語從句中作主語）
注意：such… that …引導(dǎo)結(jié)果狀語從句，that在從句中不作任何成分，有時(shí)可以省略。
Television has such great influence (that) it can make a person famous over night.
電視有如此大的影響力，它可以讓人一夜成名。(that在句中不作成分)
2
關(guān)系副詞主要有when, where, why, that等，在定語從句中主要作狀語。關(guān)系副詞在定語從句中一般不可省略。
2.1
when指時(shí)間，在從句中作時(shí)間狀語。它的先行詞通常為time, day, morning, night, week, year等。有時(shí)when也可和部分介詞一起引導(dǎo)定語從句。
I still remember the time when I first traveled by plane.
我仍然記得那一次坐飛機(jī)旅行的時(shí)間。
Do you know the year when the Chinese Communist Party was founded?
你知道中國(guó)共產(chǎn)黨是哪年成立的嗎？
She went to study abroad two years ago, since when I haven’t heard from her.
她兩年前出國(guó)留學(xué)了，從那以后我沒有受到她的來信。
2.2
where指地點(diǎn)，在從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。它的先行詞通常為place, spot, street, house, room, city, town, country等。
This is the hotel where they stayed last month.
這就是他們上個(gè)月住過的賓館。
Keep the medicine in a place where you can find them easily.
請(qǐng)把藥放在容易找到的地方。
Great changes have taken place since then in the mountain village where I lived tem years ago.我十年前生活的小山村已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
2.3
why指原因或理由，它的先行詞只有reason，在定語從句中作原因狀語。why可以省略。
試比較：I have no idea why she doesn’t like Peter. 這是一句同位語從句！不是定語從句。
Is this the reason why she refused to offer help?
這就是她拒絕提供幫助的理由嗎？
I have come around to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.
我來是為了向你解釋我當(dāng)時(shí)沒到會(huì)的原因的。
I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were late.
我不想聽任何你遲到的理由。
2.4
that可以用于表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、方式、理由的名詞之后取代when, where, why和“介詞 + which”引導(dǎo)定語從句，修飾的現(xiàn)行詞通常為the way, the time, the day, the place, the places等，that常被省略。
The way (that/ in which) one behaves says what type of person he is.
一個(gè)人的行為舉止能說明他是一個(gè)什么樣的人。(= How one behaves says what type of person he is.)
It took us two hours to find a small river with clean water (that/ where/ in which) we could see fish swimming.
我們花了兩個(gè)小時(shí)時(shí)間才找到一條清澈的小河，在那我們可以看到小魚游水。
The reason (that/ why) he lost his life was the ignorance of the doctor.
他的死是由于醫(yī)生的疏忽。
第二節(jié)
根據(jù)定語從句與先行詞之間關(guān)系的緊密程度，我們將定語從句分為限制性定語從句與從句和非限制性定語從句。在第一節(jié)的內(nèi)容中所舉的例子都是限制性定語從句，本節(jié)內(nèi)容著重講非限制性定語從句。
1.1.
限制性定語從句來修飾和限定先行詞，與先行詞間的關(guān)系非常密切，它所修飾的先行詞代表一個(gè)（些）或一類特定的人或物，說明先行詞的性質(zhì)、身份、特征等狀況，如果去掉，則意思含混不清。
A doctor is a person who cures patients.醫(yī)生就是治療病人的人。
This is the car which I bought last year.這就是我去年買的汽車。
The person (whom/ who) you were looking for is upstairs.你找的那個(gè)人正在樓上。
This is the file (which/ that) he refers to in the discussion yesterday.
這就是他昨天在討論會(huì)上提到過的文件。
1.2.
非限制性定語從句，顧名思義就是對(duì)先行詞沒有特別限定的從句，常由who, whom, which, whose, as, when, where等關(guān)系詞引導(dǎo)。
1.2.1.
非限制性定語從句起補(bǔ)充附帶說明作用，缺少也不會(huì)影響全局的理解，譯為漢語時(shí)常常不譯作定語，而根據(jù)句意翻譯為響應(yīng)的其他形式的從句。它與主句的關(guān)系不像限制性定語從句的關(guān)系緊密，只是對(duì)先行詞作一些附加說明，即使去掉，主句的意思依然清楚。在非限制性定語從句的前面往往有逗號(hào)隔開，如若將非限制性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都需要用逗號(hào)隔開。
A 6-year-old boy can speak three foreign languages, which surprises all the people present.
一個(gè)六歲的小孩能講三國(guó)外語，這讓在場(chǎng)的人都很吃驚。
My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.
我去年買的那幢房子有一個(gè)漂亮的花園。
This novel, which I have read three times, is very interesting.
這本小說真有意思，我已經(jīng)讀了三遍了。
Miss Green, who came to see me yesterday, is an old friend of mine.
格林小姐昨天來看我，她是的一個(gè)老朋友。
1.2.2.
1)
The boy didn’t pass the exam, which disappointed his parents very much.
男孩沒有通過這次考試，這使他的父母很失望。
The movie is very touching, as most audience say.
正如大多數(shù)觀眾所說的，這部電影很感人。
2)
Charles Smith, who was my former English teacher, died last year.
查理·史密斯去年去世了，他曾經(jīng)是我的英文老師。
Hangzhou, which is a nice city, attracts many visitors every day.
杭州這個(gè)美麗的城市每天吸引很多游客。
The sun, which gives off a great deal of heat, is a great source of energy.
太陽這個(gè)發(fā)出巨大熱量的球體是一個(gè)巨大的能源。
3)
I have an elder brother, who graduated from Peking University.
我有一個(gè)哥哥，他畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)。（只有一個(gè)哥哥）
Her daughter, who is now studying in New York, graduated from our school.
她的女兒是從我們學(xué)校畢業(yè)的，現(xiàn)在正在紐約學(xué)習(xí)。（只有一個(gè)女兒）
My father, who is a doctor, is very strict with us.
我的父親是一位醫(yī)生，他對(duì)我們要求很嚴(yán)格。
★
I have an elder brother who graduated from Peking University.
我有一個(gè)畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)的哥哥。（可能有幾個(gè)哥哥，其中一個(gè)畢業(yè)于北京大學(xué)。）
4)
There’s too much information on the Internet, some of which is unreliable.
因特網(wǎng)上信息太多，其中一些不可靠。
I earn only 1,000 dollars a month, half of which is spent on the rent for apartment.
我一個(gè)月僅賺1000美元，其中一半用來交房租。
I have invited more than one hundred friends to the party, most of whom are my business partners.我邀請(qǐng)了100余人參加宴會(huì)，其中大多數(shù)都是生意伙伴。
第三節(jié)
定語從句是從句中比較復(fù)雜的一類，既設(shè)計(jì)先行詞、關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞的用法，也設(shè)計(jì)各種句法結(jié)構(gòu)、時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等，因此應(yīng)注意歸納和掌握。
前兩節(jié)已經(jīng)介紹了定語從句的連接詞和兩類定語從句。這是本節(jié)內(nèi)容的基礎(chǔ)，然而要熟練應(yīng)用定語從句，本節(jié)內(nèi)容是非常重要的，考生應(yīng)認(rèn)真學(xué)習(xí)和聽講！
一、
關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在限制性定語從句的一些特定的情況下皆有省略的情況。
1.
1)
I have never regretted the decision (that/ which) I made years ago.
我從來沒有為我?guī)啄昵白鞒龅臎Q定感到遺憾/后悔。
You’d better review the words (that/ which) you learnt yesterday.
你最好復(fù)習(xí)一下昨天學(xué)過的單詞。
2)
After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy (who/ that) he used to be.
= After a score of years, Johnson is not the naughty boy as he used to. (as不能省略,be 去掉)
二十年后，約翰遜不再是當(dāng)年淘氣的男孩子了。
The city is not the one (that) it was years ago. Great changes have taken place.
這座城市不再是多年前的樣子了，它已經(jīng)發(fā)生了巨大的變化。
3)
Now Olympic Games is a hot topic (which/ that) people are talking about.
現(xiàn)在奧運(yùn)會(huì)是人們正在談?wù)摰臒狳c(diǎn)話題。
Emily’s health is the biggest thing (which/ that) her parents are greatly concerned about.
艾米麗的健康問題是她父母最擔(dān)心的事情。
2.
1)
That’s the place (where) he lived when he was a child.
這就是他小時(shí)候住的地方。
This is the place (where) we first met years ago.
這就是我們多年前第一次見面的地方。
2)
That’s the reason (why) I asked you to do this.
這就是我叫你做這件事的原因。
The reason (why) he didn’t want to help us is very clear.
他不想幫助我們的理由是非常清楚的。
3)
I don’t like the way (that) you speak to me.
我不喜歡你對(duì)我談話的那種方式。
I appreciate the way (that) he dealt with this matter.
我很欣賞他處理這件事情的方式。
二、
that和which在定語從句中都可作主語或賓語，指物。作賓語時(shí)，均可省略。在通常情況下，可互換使用。但有時(shí)that和which卻不宜隨便互換。
1.
He did everything that he could to help us. 他做了一切能做的事來幫助我們。
The government officers promised to do all that they can to alleviate the hardships of people.
政府官員承諾盡他們最大努力減輕人民的苦難。
There is little that I can do for you. 我能為你做的很少。
2.
All the things that we can do is to give you some advice.
我們唯一能做的就是給你提供一些建議。
This is the very book that I want to buy. 這正是我想要買的書。
Writing is the only thing that interests me. 寫作是唯一令我感興趣的。
3.
This is the most touching story that I have ever read.
這是我讀過的最感人的故事。
That’s the most expensive hotel that we’ve ever stayed in.
這是我曾經(jīng)住過的最貴的旅館
The first thing that we need to do is to find a hotel to have a rest.
我們現(xiàn)在要做的第一件事就是找一家賓館好好休息一下。
When people talk about Hollywood, the first that comes to mind is the movie.
當(dāng)人們談及好萊塢時(shí)，第一個(gè)映入腦海的事物就是電影。
4.
The guests spoke highly of the children and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
客人高度贊揚(yáng)了這些孩子及他們?cè)谏倌陮m所觀看的孩子們的表演。
Can you remember the scientist and his theory that we learnt the other day?
你能記起我們前幾天學(xué)過的那個(gè)科學(xué)家和他的理論嗎？
5.
Who is the person that came to see you yesterday? 昨天來看你的那個(gè)人是誰？
Which is the dress that fits me most? 哪件裙子最適合我??？
三、
1.
The middle school in which I used to study has become a factory.
我過去學(xué)習(xí)的中學(xué)現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)變成了一家工廠。
The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s.
你現(xiàn)在正用來寫字的那支筆是杰夫的。
2.
Have you ever read the book the Three Musketeers, which was written by Alexander Dumas?
你讀過大仲馬寫的《三個(gè)火槍手》嗎？
She didn’t pass the exam, which depressed her greatly.
她沒通過考試，這使她很沮喪。
3.
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
剛才在天空中一閃而過的是什么東西？
I have that which you give me. 我有你給我的那個(gè)。
4.
Here is the English grammar book which, as I’ve told you, will help improve your English.
這就是我告訴過你的那本英語語法書，它能幫你提高英語。
The thief who, as we predicted, stole a bike on the square yesterday, turned up again.
正如我們所料，昨天在廣場(chǎng)上偷了一輛自行車的那個(gè)小偷又出現(xiàn)了。
四、
1.
先行詞如果是one, ones, anyone時(shí)，不宜用that。
One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth.
一個(gè)無所畏懼的人敢于說實(shí)話。
The ones who flatter me don’t please me.
那些奉承我的人并不能取悅我。
We don’t want anyone who can’t afford the tuition fee to drop out of school.
我們不想讓任何交不起學(xué)費(fèi)的人輟學(xué)。
2.
Those who have good manners will be highly respected.
那些有禮貌的人會(huì)受到人們的高度尊重。
Those who want to take part in the sports meeting sign up here.
想?yún)⒓舆\(yùn)動(dòng)會(huì)的人在這里簽名。
3.
Professor Smith is coming soon who will give us a talk on how to learn English.
史密斯教授就要來給我們作一場(chǎng)關(guān)于如何學(xué)英語的講座。
The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.
這個(gè)小男孩在找媽媽的過程中迷了路，正哭得厲害。
4.
There is an old man who says he is your uncle. 有位老人說他是你的伯父。
There are many young men who support him. 有許多年輕人支持他。
五、
關(guān)系代詞as與which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句可以用整個(gè)主句作為其先行詞，指代上文或下文所說的一件事。但as與which具有不同詞義、句法和用法。
1.
此時(shí)的as仍具有“正如，像，由······而知，與······一致”等某些連詞的意義。翻譯時(shí)有時(shí)可不必譯出。常作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞（如see，know，hear，watch，remember，say，tell，show，expect，guess等）的賓語，這類動(dòng)詞與as幾乎成了一種固定搭配。由as引導(dǎo)的此類從句可以置于句首、句中或句尾。
As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.
小男孩總是很活潑好動(dòng)，很難控制，這是常見的情況。
Einstein, as we know (= as is well known), is a famous scientist.
眾所周知，愛因斯坦是一位著名的科學(xué)家。
China is a beautiful country with long history, as is known to all.
人人皆知，中國(guó)是一個(gè)有著悠久歷史的美麗的家園。
There was a bookstore around here, as I remember.
我記得這兒附近有一家書店。
2.
which此時(shí)指前面主句所提到的這件事，常譯為“這一點(diǎn)，這件事”等。which在句法上一般用作實(shí)義動(dòng)詞的主語，這時(shí)它所引導(dǎo)的從句與主句之間常含有并列、因果關(guān)系。主句與從句通常要用逗號(hào)隔開，只能位于被修飾句子的后面。
She stole her friend’s money, which (= and that) was disgraceful.
她偷了朋友的錢，這真是丟人的事。
Tom was admitted to the Harvard University, which (= and that) makes his parents very relieved. 湯姆被哈佛大學(xué)錄取了，這讓他的父母深感欣慰。
3.
He was educated at the local grammar school, after which he went on to Cambridge.
他在當(dāng)?shù)匚姆▽W(xué)校接受過教育，之后去了劍橋。
Lily might possibly come, in which case I’ll ask her.
莉莉可能會(huì)來的，要是那樣的話我就去問她。
4.
Jane told me she had apologized to Lucy for her mistake, which was a lie.
簡(jiǎn)告訴我說她已經(jīng)為她的錯(cuò)誤向露西道歉了，這是一個(gè)謊言。（was不可省略）
As (was) planned, we met at the station after shopping.
按照計(jì)劃，我們買完東西在車站見面。（可省略was）
5.
He pretended not to know me, which I didn’t understand.
他假裝不認(rèn)識(shí)我，我真不明白。
He seldom communicates with the classmates, which I find quite strange.
他很少和同學(xué)交流，我認(rèn)為太奇怪了。
六、
1.
This is the same computer that I used yesterday. 這就是我昨天用過的那臺(tái)電腦。
This is the same computer as I used yesterday. 這臺(tái)電腦跟我昨天用過的那臺(tái)一樣。
I have the same opinion as/ that you have. 我的觀點(diǎn)和你的一樣。
2.
Women received the same pay as men (did). 婦女領(lǐng)導(dǎo)了和男子一樣的工資。
= Women received the same pay that men received.
3.
This is the same song (that) I heard the other day. 這就是我前幾天聽過的那首歌。
= This is the song I heard the other day.
4.
He lives in the same city as I live. 他和我住在同一個(gè)城市。
= He lives in the same city that I live in.
Shall we meet at the same place as we last met? 我們可以在上次相見的地方見面嗎？
= Shall we meet at the same place that we last met at?
七、
“介詞 + which”可以替代when, where, why等；“介詞 + whom/ whose”在定語從句中沒有與之對(duì)應(yīng)的替代詞。
1.
替代when，在定語從句中作時(shí)間狀語。
I’ll never forget the days on which (when) we lived together.
我永遠(yuǎn)忘不了我們一起生活的日子。
The year in which (when) the Tangshan earthquake happened was 1976.
發(fā)生唐山大地震的那年是1976年。
2.
替代where，在定語從句中作地點(diǎn)狀語。
This is the town in which (where) Shakespeare was born.
這就是莎士比亞出生的城鎮(zhèn)。
The house in which (where) I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我十年前住的房子已經(jīng)被推倒了。
3.
替代why，在定語從句中作原因狀語。
There’s no reason for which (why) we don’t attend the party.
我們沒有理由不參加聚會(huì)。
I’d like you to explain the reason for which (why) you were late again.
我想讓你解釋一下你再次遲到的原因。
4.
替代that，在定語從句中作方式狀語、時(shí)間狀語。
There are varieties of ways in which (that) we can solve this problem.
我們有很多方法可以解決這個(gè)問題。
March is the best time in which/ during which (that) farmers plough their fields.
三月是農(nóng)民耕地的最佳時(shí)間。
5.
此類結(jié)構(gòu)常見的有 some/ several/ a few/ a little/ many/ more/ the largest of which/whom等形式。
Here are the questions, most of which (=of which most) I thought easy for you.
就是這些問題，我認(rèn)為大部分對(duì)你來說很容易。
Present at the meeting were almost experts on psychology, most of whom (=of whom most) came from US. 出息會(huì)議的大都是心理學(xué)家，其中大部分來自美國(guó)。
6.
1)
I bought a great many books, on which I spent all my money that I saved.
我買了很多書，這些書花了我所有的積蓄。（on就是依據(jù)spend… on….結(jié)構(gòu)來確定的）
Trading leather shoes is the business to which the Greens are devoted.
做皮鞋生意是格林家投入的事業(yè)。（介詞to是依據(jù)be devoted to結(jié)構(gòu)而定的）
2)
In ten years, Jill went from working in the mailroom to running the company, in which more than 1000 people now work.
在十年的時(shí)間里，吉爾從在郵局做起，一直做到開公司，現(xiàn)在有1000多人在她的公司上班。
I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永遠(yuǎn)不會(huì)忘記我在鄉(xiāng)村度過的童年時(shí)光。
3)
The colorless gas without which the plant cannot live is called carbon dioxide.
這種無色的氣體就是二氧化碳，離開了它指物就不能活。
You’ve anyway made several grammar mistakes, excerpt for which your composition would be the best.
你不知怎的犯了幾個(gè)語法錯(cuò)誤，要不是這幾個(gè)語法錯(cuò)誤，你的作文將會(huì)是最好的。
4)
Here is the money with which to buy a computer. 這就是買電腦的錢。
= Here is the money to by a computer with.
Nancy is the right person on whom to depend. 南希是值得信賴的人。
= Nancy is the right person to depend on.
注意：有些“動(dòng)詞 + 介詞”習(xí)語如look for，look after，call on等不可把介詞置于關(guān)系代詞前。如果介詞提前，將會(huì)失去動(dòng)詞習(xí)語的意義。
My younger brother, after whom I have to look, is demanding. (×)
My younger brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding. (√)
我得找看我的弟弟，真是讓人費(fèi)神。
八、
定語從句在實(shí)際運(yùn)用的過程中，具有較強(qiáng)的靈活性，因此其結(jié)構(gòu)也較為復(fù)雜，現(xiàn)將常見的特殊定語從句列舉如下：
1.
定語從句一般緊接被它所修飾的先行詞；但有時(shí)候它和先行詞之間有可能插入其他成分，使它與先行詞分隔開來，這種定語從句叫做被分隔的定語從句。在閱讀文章時(shí)經(jīng)常遇到這種情況，因此要注意識(shí)別先行詞。
一般說來，定語從句被分隔開來大致有以下三種情況：
1)
There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.
在太空中有成千上萬顆像太陽般的星星。（that引導(dǎo)的定語從句在名詞sky的后面，但不能修飾sky而應(yīng)修飾先行詞stars）
2)
Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace?
你還記得十年前的一天下午，我來到你家，找你借了一條鉆石項(xiàng)鏈嗎？（定語從句修飾afternoon而不是years）
3)
此時(shí)，先行詞通常是句子的主語，因定語從句較長(zhǎng)，主句謂語較短，為使句子平衡，常將定語從句移至謂語之后。
A new technician will come tomorrow who will teach you how to use the new equipment.
明天，新的技術(shù)員將來教你們?cè)鯓邮褂眯略O(shè)備。
2.
有時(shí)定語從句的關(guān)系詞語從句中的句子成分之間會(huì)插入“人稱代詞 + think/ believe/ guess等”表猜測(cè)等態(tài)度的句子，這種定語從句被稱為混雜式定語從句。
That evening some Chongqing people saw something that they thought was a UFO flying across the sky. 那天傍晚，一些重慶人看到了他們認(rèn)為是不明飛行物的東西從天空中飛過。
Many college students have mastered computer, driving and foreign languages, which we all knoware the most important things in today’s society.
很多大學(xué)生都掌握了計(jì)算機(jī)、駕駛和外語的技能，我們都知道這些在當(dāng)今社會(huì)是非常重要的。
3.
兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的定語從句同時(shí)修飾一個(gè)先行詞時(shí)，這樣的定語從句叫做多重定語從句。
Tibet is a place where the Tibetan people have been living for generations and which/ that all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.
西藏是西藏人民世代生活的地方，也是全世界的人都渴望去觀光游覽的地方。
He said he would never forget the moment when he first met Gorky and which he regarded as the happiest in all his life.
他說他永遠(yuǎn)忘不了第一次與高爾基相見的那一刻，那一刻被他視作人生中最幸福的一刻。
注意：
多重定語從句中第二個(gè)以及之后的所有關(guān)系詞都不能省略，一面引起句意的模糊不清。
China is an attractive country which has the largest population, where there are lots of mysterious stories and legends and that many westerners are still not familiar with.
中國(guó)是個(gè)充滿魅力的國(guó)家，她擁有世界上最多的人口，有許多神秘的故事和傳說，但也是很多西方人還不熟悉的國(guó)度。
4.
在含將來意義的定語從句中，我們可以省略主語和謂語的一部分（主要是情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞），而代之以“介詞+關(guān)系代詞+不定式”的形式，這叫做省略式定語從句，或者叫做定語從句的省略形式。主句的主語必須與不定式的邏輯主語一致，否則不能改成省略式定語從句。
I intend to make friends with some English from whom to improve English.
我打算交一些英國(guó)朋友，從他們那兒我可以提高英語水平。
(完整句式是：I intend to make friends with some English from whom I can improve my English.)
She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which to buy her family a big flat.
她很想從股市賺一大筆資金給她的家人買一套大公寓。
(完整句式是：She dreams of earning a big sum from the stock market with which she can buy her family a big flat.)
九、
1.
同位語從句的先行詞常是一些具有具體信息內(nèi)容或一定內(nèi)涵的名詞，如idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等，而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞、主句的一部分或是整個(gè)主句。
The idea that computers can recognize human voices surprises mangy people.
計(jì)算機(jī)能夠識(shí)別人的聲音的想法使許多人感到驚奇。（同位語從句）
We are not looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我們正在調(diào)查的問題不是他是否值得信賴的問題。（同位語從句）
Word came that he had married in America.
據(jù)說他已經(jīng)在美國(guó)結(jié)婚了。（同位語從句）
The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room.
你找的那位醫(yī)生在房間里。（定語從句）
His mother did all she could to help him overcome the difficulty.
他媽媽盡她的最大努力幫助他度過難關(guān)。（定語從句）
Our team has won the game, which made us very excited.
我們的隊(duì)贏了，這讓我們很興奮。（定語從句）
2.
定語從句是從句對(duì)其先行詞的修飾或限制，屬于形容詞性從句的范疇；而同位語從句是從句對(duì)前面抽象名詞的進(jìn)一步的說明和解釋，屬于名詞性從句的范疇。
試比較下列兩組句子：
第一組：
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊(duì)贏了那場(chǎng)比賽的消息是真的。（同位語從句，補(bǔ)充說明news到底是個(gè)什么消息）
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我的那個(gè)消息是真的。（定語從句，news在從句中作told的賓語）
第二組：
I made a promise that if anyone invest in my company I would make him very rich. 我許諾如果誰投資我的公司，我就讓他非常富有。（同位語從句，補(bǔ)充說明promise到底是個(gè)什么諾言）
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 媽媽許下了一個(gè)令她的孩子們高興的諾言。（定語從句，promise在從句中作pleased的主語）
3.
有些引導(dǎo)詞如how, whether, what可以引導(dǎo)同位語從句，但不能引導(dǎo)定語從句。
The question whether we need new staff has not been considered.
我們是否需要新員工這個(gè)問題還沒有考慮。（同位語從句）
I have no idea what has happened to him.
我不知道他發(fā)生了什么事。（同位語從句）
4.
引導(dǎo)that引導(dǎo)定語從句時(shí)，在從句中作主語或賓語（指物時(shí)還可以用which代替），并且作賓語時(shí)常常省略。that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用，不充當(dāng)任何成分，并且不能省略，也不能用which來代替。
The order that we should send a few people to help the other group was received yesterday.
我們昨天收到了應(yīng)派幾個(gè)人去幫別的幾個(gè)小組的命令。（同位語從句，是對(duì)order的具體解釋，that雖不作成分，但不能省略）
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.我們昨天收到的命令是我們應(yīng)該派幾個(gè)人去幫助別的幾個(gè)小組。（定語從句，是名詞order的修飾語，that在句中作received的賓語，可以省略）
十、
在轉(zhuǎn)化的過程中，限制性定語從句仍需要轉(zhuǎn)化成限制性，非限制性的定語從句仍需要轉(zhuǎn)化為非限制性。定語從句與分詞的轉(zhuǎn)化分為一下幾種情況：
1.
這種形式只需要去掉定語從句中的who/ which/ which
The teacher (who is) giving a lecture now just returned from England.
正在做演講的老師剛從英格蘭回來。
I love the poems (which were) written by Shelley. 我喜歡雪萊寫的詩。
2.
Look at that house. That is my home which stands at the top of the mountain.
→Look at that house. That is my house standing at the top of the mountain.
瞧，那就是我的家，坐落在山頂上。
My brother, who lived in France for ages, now lives in Beijing.
→My brother, having lived in France for ages, now lives in Beijing.
我哥哥在法國(guó)住過多年，現(xiàn)在住在北京。
3.
My mother, who hasn’t been used to living in the city, has made up her mind to settle in the country.
→My mother, not having been used to living in the city, has made up her mind to settle in the country.
→Not having been used to living in the city, my mother has made up her mind to settle in the country. 我媽媽由于不習(xí)慣住在城市，決定到鄉(xiāng)村定居。
Charles, who was a brave man, returned to France.
→Being a brave man, Charles returned to France. 勇敢的查爾斯回到了法國(guó)。
Jenny, who had folded the letter, put it carefully in her pocket.
→Jenny, having folded the letter, put it carefully in her pocket.
→Having folded the letter, Jenny put it carefully in her pocket.
詹尼疊好信小心地放進(jìn)了衣兜里。
十一、
一般來講，定語從句中的動(dòng)詞在人稱和數(shù)方面應(yīng)該與它的先行詞保持一致。
one of + 復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+謂語動(dòng)詞復(fù)數(shù)形式；
the (only) one of, the very/ right +復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系代詞+謂語動(dòng)詞單數(shù)形式。
I am one who is afraid of difficulty. 我是個(gè)不怕困難的人。
Please choose me, who am qualified for this job.
請(qǐng)選擇我，我適合做這項(xiàng)工作。
Anyone who has questions to ask, please come to my office this afternoon.
有問題要問的人，今天下午到我辦公室來。
That is one of the most valuable dictionaries that have appeared in recent years.
那本詞典是近幾年來所見到的最有價(jià)值的詞典之一。
Buenos Aires is one of the world capitals that is noted for its busy harbour.
布宜諾斯艾利斯是一個(gè)以其繁忙的海港而聞名的國(guó)家首都。
He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.
他是那些工人中唯一能做此工作的人。
十二、
定語從句中的時(shí)態(tài)一般不受主句影響，主要依據(jù)具體的語境和意義而定。
The professor who lectured yesterday is from Peking University.
昨天做演講的教授來自北京大學(xué)。（從句中運(yùn)用一般過去時(shí)）
The professor who is lecturing now is from Peking University.
現(xiàn)在正在演講的教授來自北京大學(xué)。（從句應(yīng)用現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）
The professor who will lecture tomorrow is from Peking University.
明天要來做演講的教授來自北京大學(xué)。（從句運(yùn)用一般將來時(shí)）
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